中国岩溶

DONG Faqin

2021, 40(1): 1-3.

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Review of research progress and prospect of tufa/travertine karst landscape at home and abroad

JIANG Zhongcheng, DAI Qunwei, DONG Faqin, ZHANG Qiang, DANG Zheng, WANG Zhijun, LIU Fan

2021, 40(1): 4-10. doi: 10.11932/karst20210101

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A scientometric analysis in Citespace software on the published papers of tufa/ travertine researches at home and abroad from 2008-2020 shows that， some researches of tufa/travertine such as， formation causes of tufa/travertine based on isotope technology， landscape features and geomorphologic evolution of tufa/travertine， biological causes of tufa/travertine and landscape degeneration of tufa/travertine have gotten important progresses. Moreover， the distribution， landscape features， material composition， formation types and situation and causes of typical tufa/travertine in the world have been well clarified， which push forward the conversation and international co-operation of tufa/travertine natural heritage as well as the protection of tufa/travertine natural heritage landscapes . At present， some important basic researches such as mutual processes between earth thermal dynamics and surface dynamics， coupling processes between microorganism and tufa/travertine deposition， as well as micro structures of tufa/travertine degeneration should be strengthened urgently. Meanwhile， the key technology of ecological rehabilitation and conservation of tufa/travertine should be developed.

Biological effects on travertine forming in Xuebaoding drainage basin region

DONG Faqin, LI Gang, DAI Qunwei, ZHOU Lin, WANG Fudong, ZHAO Xueqin, JIANG Zhongcheng, ZHANG Qiang, LI Bowen, Enrico Capezzuoli, Mike O'Driscoll, Andelka Plenkovic-Moraj

2021, 40(1): 11-18. doi: 10.11932/karst20210102

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Travertine not only has significantly ornamental value of landscape， but also has important research significance to determine the sedimentation law and environmental evolution of travertine and the role and contribution of environmental organisms in the same period. Based on the comparison of characteristics of typical travertine at home and abroad，this paper takes travertine in Huanglong and Jiuzhaigou region as examples to illustrate the sedimentation characteristics， environmental chemistry and biological effects of travertine in Xuebaoding drainage basin，and points out that the formation and evolution of cold water type travertine in Xuebaoding drainage basin are the results of the conbined effects of chemical sedimentation-dissolution， biogeochemistry， biogenic sedimentation-dissolution， which are affected by non-biological and biological factors. In the formation process of cold-water travertine in Xuebaoding drainage basin， microorganisms participate in the sedimentation and dissolution process of travertine， promote the crystallization of calcium ions by metabolism， and induce the change of crystal form. Other organisms such as plants and algae either promote or accelerate the formation of travertine in an indirect way， or provide a template and volume for the growth of travertine.

Study on the structure of multi-layer water circulation system in the core scenic spot of Huanglong

LIU Xinze, SUN Dong, CAO Nan, YUAN Nannan, HUANG Heping, TIAN Changbao, ZHANG Qingming, TANG Shu, LI Dameng, ZHOU Daji, DONG Faqin

2021, 40(1): 19-33. doi: 10.11932/karst20210103

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In order to find out the water circulation process and water circulation system structure in the travertine layer in the core scenic spot of Huanglong， Sichuan，in this paper， the methods of surveys and water circulation section monitoring were adopted to analyze the composition of groundwater runoff flow and surface water flow，which are formed from secondary conversion spring， in monitoring section and the characteristics of recharge and discharge in the circulation section，so as to obtain the development scale and level of each water circulation system. According to the 2019 survey results and data analysis of 16 water monitoring stations， the results showed that the structure of water circulation system is the most complex during the wet season， and it is divided into three levels of regional circulation， local circulation and site circulation， with the local circulation as the main in scale. Taking July as a typical month， the water circulation in the scenic spot is mainly controlled by four local groundwater circulation systems developed in series. The regional groundwater circulation system developed in the north area of Jiexian bridge. The Chongshuicai pools between each circulation sections were the recharge areas， and the outlet was secondary conversion calcareous spring with large flow. Groundwater flows in the travertine layer and the bottom and both sides of the layer are water-proof boundaries. There are 5 site water circulation systems in the south of Zhengyan pool. The dynamics changes of the water circulation system structure in the scenic spot are great， and it reached the dynamic equilibrium state only in wet season. The surface water and underground water of Huanglong stream constitute all the water volume that drives the development of the water circulation system in the core scenic spot，and the water in the scenic area is completely discharged in Jiexian bridge and the right bank of Fujiang. The water circulation in the core scenic area of Huanglong reaches a dynamic balance during the wet season， while which is in an unstable flow state in other periods.

Research progress on interfacial crystallization of travertine in secondary organic system

DONG Faqin, CHEN Yuheng, DAI Qunwei, ZHENG Fei, LIU Mingxue, JIANG Zhongcheng, ZHANG Qiang, LI Bowen, Alper Baba, Mike O'Driscoll, Andelka Plenkovic-Moraj

2021, 40(1): 34-43. doi: 10.11932/karst20210104

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The characteristics of biomes and interfacial crystallization by organisms in secondary organic system are summarized in this papar. According to the effects of organisms on carbonate sedimentation， the interfacial crystallization mineralization of travertine by organism in secondary organic system is divided into bio-controlled mineralization and bio-induced mineralization. Five biometabolic activities related to sedimentation of calcium carbonate are described， and the effects of EPS on the crystal type and morphology of calcium carbonate minerals are discussed. In view of existing problems in the researches on travertine， it is suggested that the role of main components of organisms， biomolecules and internal tissues of organisms in the formation or degradation of travertine shall be studied in depth， and the interfacial crystallization of travertine in secondary organic system can be further clarified， so as to provide scientific basis for the protection and treatment measures to prevent travertine from degeneration.

Role of algae in travertine deposition revealed by microscale observations: A case study of Huanglong, Sichuan, China

WANG Zhijun, YIN Jianjun, HAO Xiudong, WANG Pei, ZHANG Qiang, LAN Gaoyong, ZHANG Qingming

2021, 40(1): 44-54. doi: 10.11932/karst20210105

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On the Earth’s surface with an open-water setting，travertine deposits generally result from the interplay of physio‐chemical（abiotic）and biotic processes responsible for carbonate precipitation. Algae is widespread in travertine depositing environments，and the growth of which has an important influence on the process of travertine deposition and travertine macro-and micro-morphology. In this work，we conducted a systematic investigation into hydrochemical compositions of deposition sites，the composition of living algae community and the micro-structure and fabrics of neo-precipitated travertine in the Huanglong area，Sichuan Province. Our objective was to examine the role of algae during the process of travertine deposition. A large number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae，such as cyanobacteria，green algae and diatoms，were found to grow in the water environment of Huanglong. The metabolism of them（both photo-synthesis and respiration）could lead to changes in the chemical compositions of water in which travertine forms，but this is only observable in pools with stagnant water. Mostly，algae forms microbial mats or biofilms which are several hundred microns to 1-2 mm in thickness and serve as an important place for carbonate precipitation（i.e. active depositional zones）. Within such zones，the algae and secreted extracellular polymer substances（EPS）likely provide many favorable nucleation sites and growth templates for carbonate crystals，thereby greatly promoting travertine precipitation. Meanwhile，the EPS could control or affect the morphology of calcite crystals and travertine fabrics. Better understanding and quantification of the role of algae in travertine deposition require further study at a microscale，so as to gain more insights into the mechanism of travertine deposition，lay a foundations for accurate interpretation of fabrics and geochemical proxies of ancient travertine deposits and provide more evidence for prediction of the evolution and conservation of travertine landscape.

Preliminary study on nanometer growth process and regulatory mechanism of travertine nonclassical deposition- A case study of travertine in Jiuzhaigou valley and Huanglong region

DONG Faqin, ZHENG Fei, DAI Qunwei, LI Qiongfang, CHEN Yuheng, LIU Mingxue, JIANG Zhongcheng, ZHANG Qiang, LI Bowen, Alper Baba, Andelka Plenkovic-Moraj

2021, 40(1): 55-67. doi: 10.11932/karst20210106

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Travertine is one of the important karst carbonate precipitates in nature， and its formation process is often affected by life activities. Clarifying the role of travertine biodeposition can help to better understand the climatic and environmental implications of travertine petrographic and geochemical characteristics. Taking travertine in Jiuzhaigou and Huanglong region as example， the characteristics of modern travertine nanocrystalline， the growth and aggregate morphology of travertine in Huanglong and Jiuzhaigou are described. The reasons for the regulation of the growth and morphology of travertine by biological organic matter in simulated experiments was analyzed， and the two-way and four-stage mechanism of biological activity and metabolites regulating the nucleation， growth and crystal appearance of travertine crystals was revealed.This paper is of great scientific value to explore the cause of the formation of travertine， the regulation mechanism of the growth of calcium carbonate，the degradation factors of travertine， and the protection and sustainable utilization of the travertine landscape.

Dynamic evolution of vegetation and drainages in the Jiuzhaigou valley scenic area before and after the "8 August 2017" earthquake under conditions of travertine habitat conservation and restoration

CHEN Yun, DONG Faqin, HAN Ying, WANG Weihong, DAI Qunwei, ZHAO Xueqin, WANG Fudong

2021, 40(1): 68-76. doi: 10.11932/karst20210107

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The restoration of the original habitat after an earthquake is very important for rapid reconstruction of territorial vegetation and the restoration of the drainage area. In this study，the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage，soil moisture，forest area and river system area of the Jiuzhaigou valley core travertine scenic spot and the whole scenic spot before and after the 2017 earthquake and after the travertine habitat conservation and restoration were evaluated by using Landsat-8，and Gaofen 1#，2# satellite images. The results show that the coverage area of high，medium and low vegetations at the travertine core scenic spot and the whole scenic spot has increased significantly after the travertine conservation and restoration with artificial as auxiliary and natural as the main. The ecological types of bare land still exist，but show a decreasing trend year by year. In addition，the types of medium vegetation cover also decreased compared with those after and before the earthquake. In the second year after conservation，wet and very humid areas， total forest area and river system area increased significantly compared with before and after the earthquake. Overall，there is a positive correlation among high vegetation coverage area，forest area and river area. This may be due to the rapid restoration of original habitat under human intervention，which increased vegetation coverage area，and enhanced the roles of vegetation evapotranspiration and interception，and further affected the hydrological process of the watershed and promoted the restoration of the drainage area.

Characteristics of water environment changes in a short period after the "8 August 2017" earthquake in Huanglong, Xuebaoding watershed

ZHAO Xiaoxia, LI Qiongfang, DONG Faqin, DAI Qunwei, SONG Na, DONG Pengju, CUI Jie, LUO Yaodong, ZHANG Qiang, Xin Zhang, O'Driscoll Mike

2021, 40(1): 77-87. doi: 10.11932/karst20210108

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The deposition of Huanglong travertine needs water which is rich in calcium ions and hydrogen carbonations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake had an impact on the fragile travertine in Huanglong and caused the change of the water environment subsequently. Water samples were collected and tested at three monitoring sites in Huanglong in October 2017 and August 2018， respectively. Based on the principal component analysis of many times of water quality tests before the earthquake，the main parameters affecting the chemistry of Huanglong water were determined，and the main parameters after the earthquake were compared and analyzed. The principal component analysis of water quality parameters in 2016 show that the pH value，total phosphorus and total nitrogen played a major role in the water quality of Huanglong. The pH，Ca2+ and HCO3- contents increased，while total phosphorus content decreased after the earthquake. The results show that the earthquake has a little influence on the structure of Huanglong travertine，leading to increase of Ca2+ and HCO3- ion content in the rising spring（Zhuanhua spring），and also affected the pH value. The decrease of TP content in the water after the earthquake may be related to the decrease in the number of tourists. The analysis suggests that the earthquake has some effect on the water environment of the sedimentary area of Huanglong travertine and was favorable to the deposition of travertine.

Study on Bio-deposition properties of newborn travertine in the Huanglong area of the Xuebaoding watershed

DONG Pengju, LI Qiongfang, DONG Faqin, DAI Qunwei, LIU Fan, SONG Na, ZHAO Xiaoxia, CUI Jie, LUO Yaodong, Xin Zhang, O'Driscoll Mike

2021, 40(1): 88-98. doi: 10.11932/karst20210109

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The purpose of this work was to explore the effect of algae on travertine deposition. Two typical color pools with different dominant algae，named Wucaichi and Zhengyancaichi，were selected for the research，which lie in the Huanglong scenic area of the Xuebaoding watershed. The dominant algae was collected and the main composition and content of its extracellular products were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. The elemental composition，phase structure and morphology of the new travertine were analyzed by a x-ray fluorescence spectrometer，x-ray diffraction spectrometer，Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the dominant algae in Wucaichi and Zhengyancaichi are Xanthophyceae and Bacillariophyta， respectively，and the extracellular products of the algae are mainly protein，polysaccharide and organic acid. New travertine is mainly calcite with carboxyl，methyl，aldehyde and other groups on the surface. Compared with the travertine sediment without algae，the new travertine crystal has no specific shape，and there are dissolution and perforation on the crystal. Research indicates that algae and their extracellular products participate in the process of travertine deposition and regulate the crystal morphology of travertine.

Study on degradation characteristics and restoration and conservation materials of travertine marble dam,Huanglong

MIN Shijie, DAI Qunwei, CUI Jie, LI Qiongfang, DANG Zheng, LUO Yaodong, DONG Faqing

2021, 40(1): 99-104. doi: 10.11932/karst20210110

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The travertine rimstone dam is an important part of the karst landscape on the surface， and it is susceptible to degradation due to environmental factors. In this study，the degradation characteristics of travertine rimstone dam were analyzed， the restoration and conservation blocks made of waste travertine materials were proposed and prepared，and the influence of additive amount on the strength of the blocks and the dissolution characteristics of the blocks in liquid phase were discussed. The results show that，（1） the degraded characteristics of the rimstone dam mainly include the spalling， cracks， collapsed holes and other phenomena caused by the decrease in water volume， which is urgently to be repaired.（2）The restoration and conservation block of travertine type is a good ecological restoration material for rimstone dams，and different additives have different effects on the strength of the block.The block has good flexural and compressive strength when the travertine growth promoter is controlled at 10%-30% and the amount of enhancer is controlled at 0.1%.（3）The liquid phase dissolution experiment showed that the pH value and Ec of the dissolution solution decreased with time，which may be related to the deposition of calcium carbonate . The study results can provide theoretical support for artificial intervention in the restoration and conservation of karst landscapes.

Study on characteristics and significances of algal mats travertine in Zhengyancai pool marble dam of Huanglong natural reserve

SONG Tao, DAI Qunwei, LI Qiongfang, DONG Faqin, CUI Jie, AN Dejun, LUO Yaodong, Bruce W.Fouke

2021, 40(1): 105-111. doi: 10.11932/karst20210111

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Algal mats travertine has a regulating effect on the color and deposition of travertine of Zhengyancai pool marble dam，which affects the stability of rimstone dam，leading to the destruction of the unique landscape.Therefore， it is of great importances to analyse the algal mats travertine.In this paper， Zhengyancai pool was selected as the study site，the deposition of travertine and morphological characteristics were defined through the analysis of basic physicochemical characteristics and micro-morphology of algal mats travertine.The results showed that，（1） the water content and density of algal mats travertine were 5.70% and 1.56 g.cm-3，respectively，indicating strong water absorption capacity；（2）The main mineral phase was calcite determined by X-ray diffraction spectrometer；（3）Chemical components analysis of algal mats travertine showed that the total carbon was 12.60% by elemental analyzer， indicating that the algal mats travertine were greatly affected by the secondary organic carbon under the biological action.（4）The surface micro-morphology showed that diatom and travertine particles were basic units of algal mats travertine， which is a complex biological collection.

Classification of Alpine-type travertine in Jiuzhaigou valley on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

WANG Fudong, ZHAO Xueqin, DONG Faqin, ENRICO Capezzuoli, Alexander I.Malov, DU Jie

2021, 40(1): 112-124. doi: 10.11932/karst20210112

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The travertine in Jiuzhaigou valley not only has unique tourism and aesthetic values，but also plays an important role in geological archives for the study of paleo-climate，paleo-hazards，paleo-earthquake/active structures，plateau uplift and the Anthropocene. Whether from the perspective of tourism，science popularization，or scientific research，classification research on tufa is the premise and foundation. In this article，based on the theory of earth system science，we analyze the controlling factors of inorganic and organic from the source of travertine material to the depositional environment，and classify it according to facies，classes and subclasses of sedimentary morphology. The criterion for the classification is that the depositional environment determines the hydrodynamic conditions and the degree of biological participation，which in turn forms the ever-changing tufa deposition geomorphology， and finally constitutes a colorful travertine landscape. The structure-genesis types of tufa divided herein have important guiding significance for the genetic research of "Jiuzhaigou-type travertine". Meanwhile，this article also makes a landscape-morphological classification of tufa from the perspective of tourism and science popularization，which provides a higher degree of identification and ecological conservation data for mass tourism，science popularization and management departments.

Discovery and feature of oolitic coated grains of travertine in the Huanglong area, Sichuan

CUI Jie, DAI Qunwei, WANG Fudong, DONG Faqing, SONG Tao, DANG Zheng

2021, 40(1): 125-132. doi: 10.11932/karst20210113

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In the Huanglong area of the Xuebaoding watershed，oolitic coated grains of alpine travertine were newly discovered. It is a continental cladding grain type with coating sedimentary structure， which formed in a cold environment with high elevation. Through systematic sampling and classification of the sedimentary profiles of travertine coated grains，with the help of conventional microscopes，scanning electron microscopes，energy spectrum testing and other technical means，this work reveals the mineral composition of these oolitic travertine coated grains. These particles can be divided into three basic types，concentric circle layer，concentric circle-radial circle layer，and thin-walled concentric circle layer. The core of the encapsulation particle is composed of ex-situ travertine clastics. The outer shell of the coated grains developed a ring structure composed of different mineral combinations such as mud crystals and micro-shiny crystals. Composition，micro-microbial structure and calcification characteristics are not obvious. According to the morphology and microstructure characteristics of the coated grains，it is speculated that the micrite ring layer in the shell might be formed in a relatively deep static water environment，and the sprite ring layer was formed in a shallow water high-energy environment. Research suggests that the genesis of the oolitic travertine coated grains in the study area tends to be oolitic rather than oncolite.

Release characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from withered leaves of dominant plants in Jiuzhaigou valley

ZHANG Ting, DAI Qunwei, DENG Yuanming, LI Qiongfang, DONG Faqin, Bowen Li, Bruce W.Fouke, LI Xiangyi

2021, 40(1): 133-139. doi: 10.11932/karst20210114

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The dynamic analysis of C，N，and P leaching of the leaves of two dominant plants in Jiuzhaigou reveals that the release of initial total dissolved C，N，and P gradually stabilizes within 48 h，indicating that the short-term leaching process can lead to the release of a larger proportion of elements. The short-term average leaching ratio of phosphorus is 29.61%，indicating that leaching is an important way to release phosphorus from plants. The total contributions of carbon，nitrogen and phosphorus to plant leaves in Jiuzhaigou are estimated to be 20，577 t.a-1，2，101 t.a-1 and 1，402 t.a-1，respectively. Research suggests that the leachate of plant withered leaves is an important source of carbon，nitrogen and phosphorus，and an important factor affecting the deposition of travertine in Jiuzhaigou. The nutrient dissolution characteristics of litter presented above can provide data support for the healthy development of Jiuzhaigou ecosystem.

Ecological risk assessment of travertine landscape in the Xuebaoding watershed

LI Xiangyi, DAI Qunwei, DANG Zheng, LUO Yaodong, CUI Jie, DONG Faqin, ZHANG Ting

2021, 40(1): 140-146. doi: 10.11932/karst20210115

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Landscape ecological risk assessment can effectively optimize the regional landscape pattern and provide theoretical basis for risk prevention. Bibliometrics show that domestic research on ecological risk assessment of karst landscapes starts from four aspects， "research object"，"evaluation model"，"evaluation method" and "evaluation index". As a special karst body，travertine has rarely been studied on its ecological risk assessment. Beginning from the ecological risk assessment of karst landscape，based on the fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method and analytic hierarchy process，this work proposes to take surface travertine and surface water cycle as the main landscape，and gradually refine the main factors to form a multi-level comprehensive evaluation model. Carrying out the ecological risk assessment of travertine landscape is of great significance for reducing the disaster loss of travertine landscape and protecting its aesthetic value.

Study on non-destructive detection technology on travertine dam in sparkling lake under the background of "8.8" earthquake in Jiuzhaigou valley

LUO Yaodong, DAI Qunwei, DONG Faqin, WANG Fudong, ZHAO Xueqin, LIAO Chuankang, CUI Jie, LI Qiongfang, WANG Anping

2021, 40(1): 147-156. doi: 10.11932/karst20210116

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In order to investigate the geological characteristics of karst,fissures and underground currents in Jiuzhaigou valley travertine scenic spot after the earthquake, enrich the non-destructive detection technology of karst cave in travertine scenic area, and discuss the reliability of multi-geophysical exploration technology in porous and loose travertine area,in this paper,the non-desctructive detection technology combining Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and high-density resistivity method was used to carry out field survey and nondestructive detection test in the specific area of the sparkling lake in Jiuzhaigou valley particularly.Comparing the two kinds of non-destructive detection results with three groups of exploration data of the exposed geological section in the survey area,it was found that the combination of high-density resistivity method and ground penetrating radar method can complement each other ,support each other,and especially show a high degree of recognition for the detection target when solving the problems of shallow karst,underground current and fracture in the travertine area. The non-destructive detection data of the two methods are highly consistent with the geological characteristics of the exposed section after the earthquake, indicating the true reliability of the two non-destructive detection technology data under the condition of porous and loose media,as well as solving the doubts and difficulties of multi-physical exploration technology in the construction of porous and loose media areas,which is of great significance for enriching the field of engineering geophysical exploration technology.

Radioactivity of Nuorilang waterfall travertine dam in Jiuzhaigou valley, Sichuan Province and its implication for the sedimentary environment

ZHANG Hongmin, ZHAO Xueqin, WANG Fudong, WU Changda, LI Song

2021, 40(1): 157-165. doi: 10.11932/karst20210117

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Travertine is a good carrier for the study of paleo-climate and paleo-environment. A portable hand-held gamma meter was used to measure the radioactivity in the Nuorilang waterfall travertine dam in Jiuzhaigou valley. Combined with the analysis of the major and trace elements in the travertine samples，the environment of the dam was studied. Results show that the gamma radiation on the surface of the dam averages 27.57 Ur and the variation coefficient is 18.73%. The travertine color is associated with color elements contained and minerals. （La/Yb） N of dam travertine is between 8.57-14.93， 11.78 on average， with a feature of light rare element enrichment. Analysis suggests that the color of dam travertine resulted from multiple factors， including the content of trace elements，climate change，precipitation，and the types and growth of aquatic plants. There is a positive correlation between the content of radioactive elements， travertine color and gamma values. Thus the gamma value can be used to infer the deposition environment of travertine， i.e. the higher the gamma value， the moister the environment is.

Influencing factors of the degradation of travertine and its conservation measures under the background of climate change

YAN Fei, DONG Faqin, DAI Qunwei, LI Qiongfang, WANG Fudong, ZENG Jia, CAO Qin, YANG Gang

2021, 40(1): 166-170. doi: 10.11932/karst20210118

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In order to clarify the regulation of travertine degradation by climate change and explore how the biological and abiotic factors that affect travertine deposition respond to climate change， this paper analyzes the monographs and literatures related to travertine， explores the impact of hydrological factors and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration that directly affect climate change on travertine degradation， and obtains the hydrological process and climate change index. The extreme events are the main reasons for the degradation of travertine，（1） Suitable climate accelerates the deposition of travertine， and extreme climate will cause the degradation of travertine；（2） Climate change mainly affects extreme precipitation to cause the degradation of travertine， such as drought makes the travertine exposed and eroded by weathering， while flood makes the travertine eroded or diluted；（3） Global warming leads to algae bloom In addition， it will destroy travertine. In the process of travertine conservation， on the one hand， extreme climate events should be avoided and the negative effects should be mitigated when they occur. On the other hand， energy conservation and emission reduction should be advocated to resist the large-scale breeding of algae caused by the increase of regional carbon dioxide concentration， so as to achieve the purpose of sustainable utilization of travertine.

2021 Vol. 40, No. 1

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