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2011 Vol. 30, No. 1

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Study on hydrochemical features of hot springs in Langjiu geothermal field, Tibet, China
WU Kun-yu, SHEN Li-cheng, WANG Xiang-gui, XIA O Qiong, WANG Peng
2011, 30(1): 1-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.001
Abstract PDF(8118KB) icon2742 icon2291
Abstract:
Langjiu geothermal field in Tibet is located in the northeast margin of Himalaya-Gangdisê plate. In this region, tectonics, magma activity and metamorphism are intensive, and the cap rocks of the geothermal reservoir are damaged during the tectonic and fluvial processes, which lead to the cold water mixing with the thermal water. Carbonate rocks are widely distributed in this region, and incompletely cooled granites become heat sources of the geothermal field. Equilibrium temperature of the thermal reservoirs is between191.11and213.85. The surface water in the geothermal field is bicarbonate-calcium type. Thermal spring’s water is chlorine-bicarbonate type in terms of anionic and kalium-sodium type in terms of cationic. The thermal springs TDS is 2000～2300 mg/L with the value of Na+/Cl-greater than 1, and the evolution degree of thermal springs is between mature water and immature water, so water-rock interaction has not reached equilibrium. From saturation indexes of some typical hydrothermal minerals are greater than 0, we can infer that hydrothermal alteration has much contribution to chemical composition of thermal springs. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater than 2000 Pa, which forms great grads difference comparing to the regional background and will lead to massive carbon dioxide degassing.
Distribution and migration of different forms of nitrogen among overlying water, pore water and sediments in karst mountain stream—A casein the Maixi River
XIE Wei-fang, XIA Pin-hua, LIN Tao, ZHANG Bang-xi, ZHAN Jin-xing, HU Ji-wei
2011, 30(1): 9-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.002
Abstract PDF(834KB) icon2336 icon2481
Abstract:
Distribution and migration of nitrogen among overlying water, pore water and sediments are investigated in the Maixi River, the results indicate that in overlying water, the content of different forms of nitrogen assumes an order NO-3-N (tric nitrogen)> NH+4-N (ammonicacal nitrogen)> NO-2-N (trite nitrogen); while the content of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)in pore water assumes an order NH+4-N> NO-3-N > NO-2-N.Content of total nitrogen and fixed am monium(F-N H4)is1110.67～4413.16mg/kg and34.56～170.05mg/kgin sediments, accounting for1.47%～6.25% of total nitrogen; the content of different forms of exchangeable nitrogen in sediments assumes an order NH+4-N> NO-3-N > NO-2-N. Content of NH+4-N in pore wateris2.65～19.51 times higher than that in overlying water, and content of NO-3-N in overlying water is 7.14～20.43 times higher than that in pore water’s N in sediments has significant positive correlations with the content of DIN, NH+4-N in pore water, exchangeable nitrogen and exchangeable NH+4-N in sediments; in sediments, exchangeable NO-3-N has significant positive correlations with the content of exchangeable NH+4-N and exchangeable nitrogen, and exchangeable NH+4-N has significant positive correlations with the content of exchangeable nitrogen. DIN in pore water has significant positive correlations with the content of NH+4-N in pore water. Migration of nitrogen in the Maxi River is shown as follows: with a concentration gradient, NO-3-N in overlying water is diffuse into pore water, finally accumulated in sediments, while the exchangeable NH+4-N in sediments is released into the pore water and further into the overlying water.
Distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in karst subterranean river in Liuzhou
WEI Li-li, GUO Fang, WANG Jian-zhe, KANG Cai-xia
2011, 30(1): 16-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.003
Abstract PDF(1471KB) icon2404 icon2172
Abstract:
Water samples collected from different positions of two subterranean rivers in Liuzhou Karst Area are tested for18 kinds of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detect(GC/ECD).The results show that except dieldrin aldehyde,17 kinds of OCPs are detected in different levels and the OCPs concentration range from107.68 to1101.55ng/L, with a mean value532.515ng/L. Main OCPs are α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH,p,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT,HCB, Heptachlor, Aldrin. Content of the DDTs is the highest. H C Hs and OCPs accountfor75.8%～96% of the total. Meanwhile, the origins of organochlorinated pesticides in the water are investigated. DD Ts mainly comes from soils. H C Hs source is relatively complex, probably originated from industry or long atmospheric transport. Recently use of lindane can also make H C Hsinputconcentrationincrease.Com paring concentration of OCPs in different kinds of water from the world, organochlorine pesticides content is relatively at high level in these two karst underground rivers.
Regime of water quality in Jila Subterranean River in Liuzhou based on automatic monitoring
ZOU Sheng-zhang, YU Xiao-ying, LU Hai-ping
2011, 30(1): 22-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.004
Abstract PDF(4175KB) icon2445 icon1317
Abstract:
The data of auto-monitoring system is used to discuss and analyze the regime of karst groundwater and the contaminate features of water quality in Jila Subterranean River mouth. The results show that there is24-hour change period in water quality, which lags for12 hours behind the resident domestic water discharge. Whereas, the change in concentrations of Cland ammonia nitrogen is of6 hours phase difference, which proves that the origin of Cl-not only comes from domestic sewage but also intermittent industrial waste water discharge. The automatic monitoring to water quality can provide decision-making supports to water environment management and water resources application, and play more important role on karst water resources evaluation in southwest China Karst Area.
Tank model of the Jinci Karst Groundwater system under the conditions of simultaneous draining in mining
LONG Yu-qiao, LI Wei, LI Yan-ge, YANG Zhong-ping
2011, 30(1): 27-33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.005
Abstract PDF(4036KB) icon2228 icon1854
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A tank model and a water balance equation are developed to characterize the function of the karst aquifer of the Jinci Spring based on the water budget ingredients. In order to solve the equation of the model, we found two equations based on two relations and then replace the variables in water balance equation. One is the relations of the groundwater storage deficit and the groundwater table, derived from the monitoring data of the recharge, the other is the relations between spring discharge and karst groundwater table, which is obtained by the nonlinear regression. After solving, the model is verified with the monitoring data, involve karst water table, storage deficit and spring discharge from1981 to2006, and its simulated result is evaluated by the absolute value of absolute errors (AAEs) and linear correlation coefficients (LCCs). The evaluation results show, all AAEs are smaller than0.5, and all the LCCs are bigger than0.7, which means the model can be used to simulate the annual variation of spring discharges, groundwater table and deficit accurately. In addition, the tank model which takes account of the artificial recharge, pumping and coal mine drainage can be used for macroscopic groundwater protection and management.
Analysis on geologic-geophysical model and geophysical response of groundwater reservoir in Longan County, Guangxi
ZHU Qing-jun, LI Wei, LI Feng-zhe, SUN Yin-hang, LI Shu
2011, 30(1): 34-40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.006
Abstract PDF(14197KB) icon2571 icon1363
Abstract:
Through the combination of geophysical work and the analysis on geological data, the geologic-geophysical models and the electrical characteristics of three groundwater reservoirs, including fault, karst cave and karst pipeline are researched. Controlled by the structure or change in erosion basis, there are multilayered karst cave and karst pipeline system in Longan County. Groundwater mainly stored in karst cave, pipeline and structural fracture. From the standpoint of geophysics, both of the fault zone and multilayered karst channel show longitudinal low-resistant band response. The groundwater reservoir filling with either water or mud that difficult to be distinguished by the resistant parameter, and therefore, we must make a meticulous analysis on the geophysical data and integrate to the hydro-geologic information. In practice, we adopt the method of mapping low resistant in high resistant area and high resistant in low resistant area to determine the location of the well, which avoids the problem of drilling into mudstone filling zone, and increased the water well completion ratio.
Correlation analysis between low-flow recession coefficient and surface landform characteristics in karst basin
XUE Xian-wu, CHEN Xi, QIN Nian-xiu, ZHAO Xu-sheng, SHI Peng
2011, 30(1): 41-46. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.007
Abstract PDF(1729KB) icon2043 icon2318
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In light of the storage and adjustment for runoff by topography and landform features in dry season, daily observed flow data during dry seasons from19 hydrology stations located up the Sinan station of the Wujiang River are analyzed to find out base flow recession law. According to the characteristics of low flow recession curve, the base flow is divided into two parts, fast fissure flow and slow fissure flow, and the corresponding recession coefficient is calculated. Based on the single factor and multi-factor regression analysis between the recession coefficient and the basin's landform features, elevation eigenvalue and topographic index eigenvalue are determined as the main factors affecting the recession coefficient. The dual non-linear regression equations are established with these two eigenvalues and the recession coefficient(a1=0.781-0.266?ln(x)+0.633?ln(y)and a2=0.061-0.016?ln(x)+0.044?ln(y)),their confidence intervals are greater than99%,so these two curves fit significantly and these equations can be used to regionalize the recession coefficients and to provide the basis for hydrological simulation in ungauged basins.
Division for drinking water source protective zones in karst area—A case study at Yangjiaopu in Handan City
ZHAI Li-juan
2011, 30(1): 47-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.008
Abstract PDF(6814KB) icon2894 icon2314
Abstract:
Yangjiaopu protective district located in Fengfeng mining site is a large water source district. About90 thousand m3 of karst water from Ordovician is explored in Yangjiaopu every day.“Sub-divisional Technological Regulation for Source Protective Zones of Drinking Water(H J/T338-200)”published by State Environmental Protection Administration in2007 states that division of the large scale water protective zone should use numerical model to simulate and calculate. According this regulation, this paper simulate and forecast the solute transport of Yangjiaopu karst groundwater system using numerical simulation method with visual modflow software, to divide the extent of the water source protective zones in different grade. The division result is as follow: The area centered on the groundwater exploitation well and delimited by the radius of solutes transporting for 100 day, can be regarded as the first-grade protection zone. Excepting the first-grade protection zone,the area delimited by the radius of solutestransportfor1000days,is consider as the second-grade protection zone. The bare Ordovices Limestone area recharging the karst water subsystem could be divided into prospective protection zone.
Study on chemical control to Eupatorium odoratum in karst area
PAN Yu-mei, TANG Sai-chun, CEN Yan-xi, Lü Shi-hong, WEI Chun-qiang, PU Gao-zhong
2011, 30(1): 53-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.009
Abstract PDF(842KB) icon2431 icon2110
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Pingguo County in Guangxi has been seriously invaded by Eupatorium odoratum for more than ten years. Three herbicides(paraquat, glyphosate and glyphosate mixed with 2,4-D) at three grades of concentration1% (high), 0.5% (middle) and 0.25% (low) respectively are used to control E.odoratum in the area seriously invaded by the weed. The results prove that five days after spraying the herbicides, all of the E. odoratum dried-up under every treatment of the herbicide paraquat with each grade of concentration; while2/3 of the leaves dried-up and stems semi-dried-up under the high concentration of glyphosate, as well as under high and middle concentration of glyphosate mixed with 2,4-D.Thirty days after spraying the herbicide, the mortality of the weed is 77% under low concentration of paraquat and up to100% under high concentration; and the density of new seedlings under each treatment is significantly lower than that in control sample area. The mortalities of the weeds under the treatment of glyphosate and glyphosate mixed with2,4-D are33% at low concentration and about50% at high concentration, but the densities of new seedlings under these treatments have no significant difference with the controlsample. According to the above results, paraquat at different concentration exhibits more efficacy than glyphosate and glyphosate mixed with2,4-D.This herbicide can obviously influence the soil seed bank of the E.odoratum weed. So it is better to select paraquat as herbicide in the environments where E.odoratum weed formed dominant community. Glyphosate and glyphosate mixed with 2,4-D at comparatively high concentration, being able to prevent and kill most E.odoratum weed, should be used in concomitant community of E.odoratum weed, such as in farmland or orchard.
Changes of organic C, N and P in rhizosphere soil under various dominant tree species in karst rocky desertification area
LIU Fang, WANG Shi-jie, LIU Xiu-ming, PU Tong-da, CNEN Zu-yong
2011, 30(1): 59-65. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.010
Abstract PDF(429KB) icon2471 icon2278
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The changes of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in rhizosphere soil under different dominant tree species in the process of forest degradation are estimated by investigating various vegetations and soils in karst rocky desertification region in Guizhou Province. The results show that the contents of organic C, N and P in rhizosphere soil are significantly higher than that in the bulk of soil. There is obvious difference in the enrichment ratio of organic C, N and P under different vegetation covers in rhizosphere soil. Among them, organic C has the strongest enrichment effect, P the second and N third.In0～30cm scope of the tree rhizosphere soil, the concentrations of total organic C, easily oxidizable C, total N, available N, total P and available P are higher than thatin30～90cm.The difference of total amount is total organic C＞total N＞total P in rhizosphere soils while the difference of available amount is available P＞easily oxidizable C＞available N. During the process of forest degradation, the concentrations of total organic C, easily oxidizable C and available P in rhizosphere soil under different dominant tree species have decreased obviously so affected significantly the soil fertility.
Comparative analysis on proline content in the leaves of the ancient trees in northwest of Guangxi Karst Area
QIN Yong-rong, TAN Jing, LIU Xu-hui, YE Mei-feng, PAN Zhen-xing
2011, 30(1): 66-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.011
Abstract PDF(1829KB) icon2277 icon2154
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The habitats of plants in karst area are different from that in the mountain and hilly land formed in clastic rocks. Special habitat brings up different group of plant. The plants in karst area have different physiological and ecological adaptability features. Different ages of leaves are collected from the common tree species, including C. Camphora, F.virens Ait.var.sublanceolata, F.microcarpa var.pusillifolia, O.fragrans.B.polycarpa, L.formosana and D.longan, which distribute in northwest Guangxi. And then proline content in the leaves is determined by the method of sulfosalicylic acid extraction-ninhydrin coloration. By comparative analysis on the proline content in different leaf-samples, correlation between proline content and tree age, the living conditions of the trees and other ecological factors are studied, so as to provide scientific basis for biological protection of the old trees. The result shows that different tree species have different proline content in their leaves; the same species leaves with different ages had different proline content. With the growth of tree-age, there are some fluctuations in proline content in the leaves. The variation of proline content in the old leaves is similar to the new ones, and the proline content usually increase at first and then decrease. Lastly, it is proposed that proline content in the leaves should be used as the reference index of for tree protection.
Land use effect on soil aggregates in the karst hilly areas—A case study in Qianjiang, Chongqing, China
YAN Ning-zhen, BAI Zhong-cai, XU Wei-hong, LI Yang-bing
2011, 30(1): 72-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.012
Abstract PDF(553KB) icon2600 icon2352
Abstract:
Soil structure deterioration is a general phenomenon due to soil degradation by caused erosion especially in karst areas. The paper chooses Qianjiang as a case study and analyses the composition, stability of soil aggregates and its influencing factor under 4 different land use types. The result shows that most of the soil particles in the study area are smaller than0.05m m in diameter and the soil has a higher soil clay contents (greater than0.001m m in diameter). The topsoil particles will become coarsing or sandy obviously when the soil is tilled. The discrepancy of dry aggregate contents in the soil is not apparent, but the composition and water-stable aggregates are quite different with each other under different land use types. The contents of water-stable aggregate(>1m m and>5m m in diameter)decreases from shrub-grass land to woodland, abandoned land and cultivated land, while the contents of water-stable aggregate which have a diameter of big than 0.25mm decreases from shrub-grassland to abandoned land, woodland and cultivated land gradually. Shrub-grassland is the highest in content of stable-soil aggregate that their stability is highest; and the cultivated land is the lowest. The water-stable aggregates are mainly controlled by organic content; therefore, increasing the organic content is the key to modify the soil structure in karst hilly area.
Spatial distribution of rural settlement in typical karst terrain in Guizhou Province—A case study on Hongfeng in Qinzhen City, Yachi in Bijie City and Huajiang River between Zhenfeng County and Guanling County
ZHOU Xiao-fang, ZHOU Yong-zhang
2011, 30(1): 78-85. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.013
Abstract PDF(2042KB) icon4426 icon3633
Abstract:
In order to study the features of the spatial distribution of rural settlements in karst terrain, Guizhou Province, three typical landform types study area are select, they are Hongfeng in Qinzhen City(plateau-basin), Yachiin Bijie City(plateau-mountain)and Huajiang river between Zhenfeng County and Guanling County(plateau-cayon).Firstly, the agglomeration degree of settlement in study areas to the centeral area are evaluated by means of regional gravity centre analysis, aggregation dimension and the double logarithm coordinates plotting of spatial distribution. And then, by analyzing the Moran I and Local Moran's I coefficient and the corresponding scatter plot based on GeoDa software, the regional integration and local distribution of settlements are studied. The results indicate that there is clustering features in settlements in the plateau basin and plateau mountain, but their agglomeration degrees are different. It clusters to the population gravity centerin plateau mountain, but to the resident gravity center in plateau basin, and the gathered or half-gathered settlements mostly appear in plateau basin. As the karst terrain is quite complicated in relief, there are differences in horizontal spatial distribution in every study areas. In accordance with the agglomeration degree, the spatial distribution rule of the rural settlement is found as follows (from aggregate to dispersed): the plateau basin＞the plateau mountain＞the plateau valley.
Tufa algae and biological karstification at Huanglong,Sichuan
LI Yong-xin, TIAN You-ping, LI Yin
2011, 30(1): 86-92. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.014
Abstract PDF(14898KB) icon2508 icon1998
Abstract:
To gain a clear idea of biogenic origin in the development of tufa at Huanglong, Sichuan Province, the tufa algae samples are identified and analyzed in the paper. Meanwhile, it probed into the role of tufa algae in the biological karstification at Huanglong. The results show that there are86 species, varieties and forms, belonging to 19 genera and4 phylum, the dominant genera are Tolypothrix, Gloeocapsa and Cymbella. In different environmental area at Huanglong, there are different dominant algae. The role of tufa algea in the precipitation of carbonate isn’t the same at different karst landscapes. The carbonate precipitation which cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) participate in is primarily contributing to the formation of tufa rimstone. The carbonate precipitation which diatom participates in is primarily contributing to the formation of tufa slope. Besides the carbonate precipitation, algae will also corrode the tufa landscapes. Under the situation of longtime lacking karst water, the destructive effect of tufa algae is especially serious, so tufa landscapes at Huanglong is urgently need defense and treatment.
Study on the genesis characteristics and taxonomic classification of limestone soil under grassland ecosystem in Guizhou Karst Area
YANG Liu, HE Teng-bing, SHU Ying-ge, LIU Yuan-sheng, BU Tong-da
2011, 30(1): 93-99. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.015
Abstract PDF(425KB) icon2463 icon2585
Abstract:
The limestone soils in five different regions are selected as the research object in grassland ecological conditions in Guizhou Karst Area according to the physical and chemical as well as the genesis characters of the soils. The factors that affect soil development are discussed, the diagnostic horizons and diagnostic characteristics of the soil are determined. Among them, the soil diagnostic horizons involve the Mollic epipedon, Cambic horizon, Argic horizon and so on; the diagnostic characteristics involve the thermic temperature regmie, perudic moisture regime, isohumic property, humic property, base saturation, lithology of the carbonate rocks, ferric property, calcaric property etc. And then, the soils are classified. The results show that the five soils belong to the subgroups of Chinese soil taxonomy in lithology, they are typic black-lithomorphic isohumosols, humic carbonati-perudic cambosols and humic carbonati-perudic argosols.
Altitude effect on δ18O in stalagmites from Mt. Shennongjia, central China
DUAN Fu-cai, KONG Xing-gong
2011, 30(1): 101-104. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.016
Abstract PDF(956KB) icon4059 icon3087
Abstract:
Proxy data δ18O reflecting the oxygen isotope composition of meteoric precipitation are widely used in reconstructions of continental pale climate. Nevertheless, there has been a general debate that precipitation amount or temperature dominates the speleothemδ18O signal. To assist interpretation of speloethem δ18O time series, it is necessary to understand the impacts of main oxygen isotope fractionation during moisture transfer. Here we present the δ18O records of stalagmites from three caves(Heilong, Qingtian and Sanbao caves)along a transect of progressively increasing altitudes(1250～2250 m)in Shengnongjia(31.5～31.7° N,110.2～110.6°E),central China. We confirm the effect of altitude on stalagmite δ18O that mean stalagmiteδ18O values from two different same time period decrease with increasing cave altitude at a rate of about -0.1‰/100 meters, indicating that the oxygen isotope compositions of precipitation undergoes fractionation during the moisture transfer from low to high altitude. In fact, modern meteorologic precipitation data show that altitude effect has an effect on the δ18O change at a rate of -0.2‰/100 meters, which exceeds more the speleothem result. Consequently, in addition to the isotopic influence of precipitation on stalagmite δ18O, temperature differences between altitudes contribute greatly to δ18O variation. In combining with annual averaging temperature in caves, an average dδ18O p/dT of approximately -0.25‰/℃ was calculated, which agrees with the result of isotopic equilibrium fractionation by O’Neil.
Collapse function of Furong Cave in Chongqing City and its environmental effects
HUANG Bao-jian
2011, 30(1): 105-112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.017
Abstract PDF(7264KB) icon2631 icon1421
Abstract:
Collapse of the Furong Cave in Chongqing City is studied by means of in situ investigation and the U-series and14 C isotopic dating of speleothems. The results show that the enormous collapse piles were formed in different stages:0.35 Ma earlier,0.2～0.35 Ma,0.026～0.1 Ma, and 0.025 Malater BP as well as recent collapses following the exploitation of the cave for tourism(collapses occurred in1995,2000,2003 and2008).Three collapse phenomena are considered: roof stoping, falling stalactites, and tipping or falling of stalagmites and columns. Upward stoping results from the adjustment of stresses in the parent rock as buoyancy decreases when the groundwater table lowers due to tectonic uplift. This results in upward void migration and enlargement of the Cave passage. Stalactites fall as their weight increases beyond the critical force on the contact plane between the stalactites and parent rock. Stalagmites and/or columns tip and fall occur when the speleothems or parent rock are hit by falling stalactites or shook by earthquakes. The collapse functions are of the environmental effects as enlarge the space of the cave, damage of the stalagmites and tourism facilities, and make the tourism path has to be changed. Therefore, some proposals on cave tourism development are put forward according to the features of the collapses in the Furong Cave.
Analysis on the characteristics of underground gasoline pollutants migration in a certain karst region in Guiyang City
LUO Bing-jia
2011, 30(1): 113-118. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2011.01.018
Abstract PDF(7037KB) icon2464 icon1727
Abstract:
The geological environment in karst area is vulnerable, especially in the shallowly buried karst region, the groundwater there is easily to be polluted. The characteristics of groundwater gasoline pollutants migration is analyzed by studying instance of petrol leakage at a gas station10 years ago in Guiyang City in this article. The results is as follows:(1)Influenced by the lithology, construction, thickness of aeration zone, heterogeneous characters such as ground gradient, groundwater velocity, the gasoline pollutants migrate mainly through karst tube, bedrock surface, fracture, and cracked top strata of the bedrock.(2)The gasoline pollutants migrate and diffuse preferentially through fault, fracture, karst cave, and lateral migration is stronger than the vertical one.(3)Other than migrate with groundwater flow, organic pollutants also disperse apparently in those bedrock uplifted part and high topography part.(4)As red clay has high sorption to pollutants, pollutants mainly contaminate the nearby bedrock, only very few can contaminate the upper part.(5)The gasoline pollutants are buried in karst tube, karst fracture and the contact surface between the soil and the rock which made it quite difficult to migrate and eliminate.

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