广西荔浦猫山中更新世和早全新世脊椎动物群

陈曦; 苏勇; 蔡红梅; 李云; 胡海涛; 韦军; 史静耸; 邵庆丰

doi:10.11932/karst20250415

广西荔浦猫山中更新世和早全新世脊椎动物群

doi: 10.11932/karst20250415

陈曦^1,,
苏勇²,
蔡红梅³,
李云⁴,
胡海涛⁵,
韦军⁶,
史静耸⁷,
邵庆丰¹

1.
南京师范大学, 江苏南京 210023
2.
桂林市文物保护与考古研究中心, 广西桂林 541001
3.
荔浦市文物管理所, 广西荔浦 546600
4.
荔浦市红色文化传承中心, 广西荔浦 546600
5.
荔浦市图书馆, 广西荔浦 546600
6.
桂林甑皮岩遗址博物馆, 广西桂林 541003
7.
中国科学院动物研究所, 北京 100101

基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目“广西左江流域16—4 ka动物遗存综合研究”（24BKG032）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈曦（1986—），男，副教授，研究方向：第四纪哺乳动物。E-mail：chenyy1158@163.com

中图分类号: Q915
计量
- 文章访问数: 10
- HTML浏览量: 5
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-08-30
- 录用日期: 2024-10-31
- 修回日期: 2024-09-21
- 网络出版日期: 2025-11-07
- 刊出日期: 2025-08-25

Report on the Middle Pleistocene and Early Holocene vertebrate fauna of Maoshan locality, Lipu, Guangxi

1.
Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023,China
2.
Guilin Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology Research Center, Guilin, Guangxi 541001,China
3.
Lipu Cultural Relics Management Office, Lipu, Guangxi 546600,China
4.
Lipu Red Culture Heritage Center, Lipu, Guangxi 546600,China
5.
Lipu Library, Lipu, Guangxi 546600,China
6.
Zengpiyan Site Museum, Guilin, Guangxi 541003,China
7.
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China

摘要

摘要: 2014—2016年，广西荔浦猫山的两处洞穴中发掘出200余件脊椎动物化石, 综合化石埋藏状况和¹⁴C、铀系法测年结果，判断为中更新世和早全新世。通过形态描述、测量和对比，重点对大猪獾、爪哇犀、大角麂等类群进行了分类研究，明确中更新世、早全新世动物群分别由9种、20种动物组成。猫山中更新世动物群中豪猪、虎、大猪獾的体型都大于早全新世同类。猫山早全新世动物群的组成与桂林甑皮岩遗址动物群相似，皆为现生物种。全新世中期后，若干物种逐渐从广西地区绝迹，或被体型较小的近缘物种所取代，反映了人地关系的恶化。
- 华南 /
- 早全新世 /
- 大猪獾 /
- 大角麂 /
- 绝迹种
Abstract: Karst caves in Guangxi contain a large number of Quaternary vertebrate fossils; however, research on taxonomy and biostratigraphy remains insufficient. Therefore, more detailed reports on fossil assemblages are essential. Between 2014 and 2016, the excavation of two caves (Cave A and Cave B) in Maoshan, Lipu, northern Guangxi, yielded over 200 vertebrate fossils, of which 151 were identified in taxonomy. These animal fossils originated from two distinct sedimentary formations: calcareous nodules and sandy clay. For the fossils in the calcareous nodules, the uranium-series age of four mammal teeth was determined to be 211 to 158.8 ka BP. For the fossils in the sandy clay, the carbon-14 age of a deer tooth was established as 8590±30 BP, with a calibration of 9563 to 9521 cal BP; the uranium series age of five additional animal teeth was determined to be 7 to 4.7 ka BP. When the sedimental characteristics, as well as the carbon-14 and uranium-series dating results, are taken into the consideration, the Maoshan fossil remains can be classified into two groups: the Middle Pleistocene fauna and the Early Holocene fauna.Morphological analyses have shown that the Middle Pleistocene fauna of Maoshan includes nine taxa: Hystrix brachyura, Panthera tigris, Ailuropoda melanoleuca baconi, Arctonyx collaris, Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet., Sus scrofa, Muntiacus sp., Cervus nippon, and Rusa unicolor. While there are no significant morphological differences between these fossils and their modern-day counterparts, the sizes of Malayan porcupines (Hystrix brachyura), tigers (Panthera tigris), and greater hog badgers (Arctonyx collaris) are significantly larger than those of their Holocene counterparts. This suggests that the forest habitat at that time was more developed than during the Holocene.The Maoshan Early Holocene fauna is comprised of 20 species, including Viperidae gen. et sp. indet., Cuora sp., Rhizomys sp., Hystrix brachyura, Macaca sp., Hylobatidae gen. et sp. indet., Panthera tigris, Paguma larvata, Cuon alpinus, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Arctonyx collaris, Arctonyx albogularis, Rhinoceros sondaicus, Sus scrofa, Muntiacus reevesi, Muntiacus gigas, Cervus nippon, Rusa unicolor, and Bubalus sp. The fauna is dominated by cerviae, including a large number of primates and small carnivores, as well as a small population of rhinoceroses and buffaloes. This composition reflects an ecological environment dominated by forests and a significant extent of wetlands. Thus we can speculate that the climate at that time was relatively warm and humid.The Maoshan Early Holocene fauna consists almost entirely of extant species. Several Holocene faunas containing extinct members of the “Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna” have been reported throughout southern China; however, their taxonomic identification or stratigraphic age remain uncertain. Available evidence suggests that the modern fauna of southern China originated in the Early Holocene and did not include any extinct species from the “Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna”.However, the Maoshan Early Holocene fauna contains a significant number of regionally extinct species, including giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), greater hog badgers (Arctonyx collaris), Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus), giant muntjacs (Muntiacus gigas), and wild buffalo (Bubalus sp.). These species underwent a gradual extinction from Guangxi after the Middle Holocene or were replaced by smaller related species. It reflects the profound ecological transformation caused by human activities, such as agricultural development and population growth.
- South China /
- Early Holocene /
- greater hog badger /
- giant muntjac /
- extirpated species
注释:

1) 1甑皮岩遗址的“秀丽漓江鹿”被认为是灭绝种，但该物种仅见于甑皮岩，其分类地位、延续时代和地理分布都有待研究。

HTML

图 1 猫山地理位置图

Figure 1. Location map of Maoshan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 猫山A洞、B洞平、剖面及洞口场景（a1/a2/b: A洞, c1/c2/d: B洞）

Figure 2. Plan, section, and entrance views of Cave A and Cave B in Maoshan (a1/a2/b: Cave A, c1/c2/d: Cave B)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 猫山A洞、B洞中更新世动物化石

a. 马来豪猪, 左P4 b. 虎, 左C c. 大熊猫巴氏亚种, 左m2 d. 大猪獾, 左M1 e. 野猪, 左m1 f. 麂属未定种, 右p4 g. 梅花鹿, 左P2 h. 水鹿, 左M1/M2.

Figure 3. Middle Pleistocene fossils from Cave A and Cave B in Maoshan a.Hystrix brachyura,left P4 b.Panthera tigris,left:C c.Ailuropoda melanoleuca baconi,left:m2 d.Arctonyx collaris,left:M1 e.Sus scrofa,left:m1 f.Muntiacus sp.,right:p4 g.Cervus nippon,left:P2 h.Rusa unicolor,left:M1/M2.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 猫山B洞早全新世爬行类、灵长类、食肉类化石

a1/a2. 蝰蛇科未定种, 脊椎 b. 闭壳龟属未定种, 缘板 c. 竹鼠属未定种, 右M2 d. 马来豪猪, 左P4 e. 猕猴属未定种, 右M2 f. 猕猴属未定种, 右m1 g. 长臂猿科未定种, 左M3; h1/h2. 虎, 左P3 i. 果子狸, 左m1 j. 豺, 左M1 k. 貉, 右P4 l. 大熊猫, 左M2 m. 大猪獾, 右m1 n. 北方猪獾, 左M1.

Figure 4. Early Holocene reptile, primate, and carnivore fossils from Cave B in Maoshan a1/a2. Viperidae indet. b. Cuora sp. c. Rhizomys sp.,right:M2 d. Hystrix brachyuran, left: P4 e. Macaca sp., right: M2 f. Macaca sp., right: m1 g. Hylobatidae indet., left: M3 h1/h2. Panthera tigris, left: P3 i. Paguma larvata, left: m1 j. Cuon alpinus, left: M1 k. Nyctereutes procyonoides, right: P4 l. Ailuropoda melanoleuca, left: M2 m. Arctonyx collaris, right: m1 n. Arctonyx albogularis, left: M1.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 猫山B洞早全新世奇蹄类和偶蹄类化石

a1/a2/a3. 爪哇犀, 左m2 b. 野猪, 右m1 c. 野猪, 左m1 d. 小麂, 左M3 e. 小麂, 左m1/m2 f. 大角麂, 左M3 g. 大角麂, 左m1/m2 h. 梅花鹿, 右p2 i. 水鹿, 左p3 j1/j2. 水牛, 右M3

Figure 5. Early Holocene perissodactyl and artiodactyl fossils from Cave B in Maoshan a1/a2/a3. Rhinoceros sondaicus, left: m2 b. Sus scrofa, right: m1 c. Sus scrofa, left: m1 d. Muntiacus reevesi, left: M3 e. Muntiacus reevesi, left: m1/m2 f. Muntiacus gigas, left: M3 g. Muntiacus gigas, left: m1/m2 h. Cervus nippon, right: p2 i. Rusa unicolor, left: p3 j1/j2. Bubalus sp., right: M3.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 猫山B洞早全新世动物群的相对比例

Figure 6. Relative proportions of the Early Holocene fauna from Cave B in Maoshan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 猫山A、B洞铀系法测年数据

Table 1. U-series dating results from Maoshan Cave A and Cave B

标本号	类群	部位	埋藏状况	U×10⁻⁶	²³⁴U/²³⁸U	²³⁰Th/²³⁸U	²³⁰Th/²³²Th	年代/ka
LMA13	啮齿类	门齿	钙华结核	12.69±3.89	1.33±0.01	1.182±0.017	66310	201±9
LMA14	啮齿类	门齿	钙华结核	15.60±4.77	1.32±0.01	1.203±0.017	86390	211±10
LMA02	大熊猫	m2	钙华结核	16.08±4.85	1.47±0.01	1.267±0.015	57800	178±6
LMB07	大猪獾	M1	钙华结核	24.21±7.34	1.35±0.01	1.084±0.012	8160	159±4
LMB10	北方猪獾	M1	土状堆积	1.77±0.53	1.16±0.01	0.073±0.006	955	7.0±0.6
LMB140	啮齿类	门齿	土状堆积	11.01±3.35	1.18±0.01	0.053±0.004	3120	4.9±0.4
LMB141	竹鼠	门齿	土状堆积	11.20±3.43	1.16±0.01	0.070±0.005	1820	6.7±0.5
LMB142	竹鼠	门齿	土状堆积	8.03±2.44	1.16±0.01	0.074±0.007	688	7.1±0.7
LMB143	竹鼠	门齿	土状堆积	8.49±2.57	1.22±0.01	0.053±0.004	315	4.7±0.4

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 猫山B洞大猪獾和北方猪獾的测量值及对比

Table 2. Measurements and comparison of A. collaris and A. albogularis from Cave B in Maoshan

项目 items	P4 L	P4W	M1 L	M1W	m1 L	m1W
A. collaris B洞，中更新世			19.8	13.7
A. collaris B洞，早全新世	10.3~10.8	7.8~8.1			18.5	6.5
A. albogularis B洞，早全新世			13.9	11.0
A. collaris 萍乡，晚更新世^[14]	10.33 (9.32~11.38)	7.95 (7.28~8.72)	16.21 (14.96~17.84)	11.59 (10.82~12.38)	18.42 (17.48~19.62)	7.53 (7.18~8.16)
A. collaris 现生^[15]			16.7 (14.1~19.1)	11.2 (9.4~13.0)	18.1 (15.2~20.1)	6.8 (6.1~7.7)
A. albogularis 现生^[15]			15.0 (13.0~17.2)	10.2 (8.8~12.2)	15.7 (13.7~17.8)	6.0 (5.3~7.5)

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(41)

[1]	周明镇. 华南第三纪和第四纪初期哺乳动物群的性质和对比[J]. 科学通报, 1957, 13: 394-400. Chow Mingzhen. Characteristic and correlation of the Tertiary and Early Quaternary mammalian faunas from Southern China[J]. Science Bulletin, 1957, 13: 394-400.
[2]	卡尔克 H. D. 关于中国南方剑齿象-熊猫动物群和巨猿的时代[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1961, 2: 83-108. Kahlke H. D. On the complex of the Stegodon-Ailuropoda-Fauna of Southern China and the Chronological position of Gigantopithecus blacki V. Koenigswald[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1961, 2: 83-108.
[3]	裴文中. 广西柳城巨猿洞及其他山洞的第四纪哺乳动物[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1962, 3: 211-218. PEI Wenzhong. Quaternary mammals from the Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave and other caves of Kwangsi[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1962, 3: 211-218.
[4]	李炎贤. 我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群的划分和演变[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1981, 19(1): 67-76. LI Yanxian. On the Subdivisions and Evolution of the Quaternary Mammalian Faunas of South China[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1981, 19(1): 67-76.
[5]	Wang Wei, Potts Richard, Yuan Baoyin, Huang Weiwen ,Cheng Hai , R Lawrence Edwards, Peter Ditchfield. Sequence of mammalian fossils, including hominoid teeth, from the Bubing Basin caves, South China[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2007, 52: 370-379. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.10.003
[6]	金昌柱, 郑家坚, 王元, 徐钦琦. 中国南方早更新世主要哺乳动物群层序对比和动物地理[J]. 人类学学报, 2008, 27(4): 304-317. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2008.04.003 JIN Changzhu, ZHENG Jiajian, WANG Yuan, XU Qinqi. The Stratigraphic Distribution and Zoogeography of the Early Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna from South China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2008, 27(4): 304-317. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2008.04.003
[7]	von den Driesch A. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites[M]. Peabody Museum Bulletin, 1976, 1: 1−137.
[8]	ZHANG Yingqi, JIN Changzhu, WANG Yuan, Alejandra ORTIZ, HE Kai, Terry HARRISON. Fossil gibbons (Mammalia, Hylobatidae) from the Pleistocene of Chongzuo, Guangxi, China[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 2018, 56(3): 248-263.
[9]	Tedford Richard H, Wang Xiaoming, Taylor Beryl E. Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)[J]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2009, 325: 1-218. doi: 10.1206/574.1
[10]	JIANGZUO Qigao, LIU Jinyi, JAN Wagner, CHEN Jin. Taxonomical revision of “Arctonyx” fossil remains from the Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave (South China) by means of morphotype and morphometrics, and a review of Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Meles fossil records in China[J]. Palaeoworld, 2017, 27: 282-300.
[11]	Guérin C. Les rhinocéros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur en Europe occidentale: comparison avec les espèces actuelles[M]. Documents des Laboratoire de Géologie Lyon, 1980, 79(1): 1-404.
[12]	JIANGZUO Qigao, LIU Jinyi. First record of the Eurasian jaguar in southern Asia and a review of dental differences between pantherine cats[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2020, 35(6): 817-830. doi: 10.1002/jqs.3222
[13]	王令红, 林玉芬, 长邵武, 袁家荣. 湖南省西北部新发现的哺乳动物化石及其意义[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1982, 20(4): 350-358. WANG Linghong, LIN Yufen, CHANG Shaowu, YUAN Jiarong. Mammalian fossils found in Northwest part of Hunan Province and their significance[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1982, 20(4): 350-358.
[14]	江左其杲, 张贝, 邓里, 陈曦, 文军, 同号文. 江西萍乡杨家湾2号洞的食肉目: 兼论华南第四纪晚期有关食肉类牙齿鉴定[A]// 董为编著. 第十六届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集[C]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2018: 119-146. JIANGZUO Qigao, ZHANG Bei, Deng Li, CHEN Xi, WEN Jun, TONG Haowen. Fossil Carnivora (Mammalia) from Yangjiawan Cave 2, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, with remarks about the tooth identification of Quaternary carnivores[A]// Dong Wei eds. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology[C]. Beijing: China Ocean Press, 2018: 119-146.
[15]	Helgen M K, Lim N T-L, Helgen L E. The hog-badger is not an edentate: systematics and evolution of the genus Arctonyx (Mammalia: Mustelidae)[J]. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 154(2): 353-385. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00416.x
[16]	严亚玲, 王元, 朱敏, 张颖奇, 秦大公, 金昌柱. 广西崇左中晚更新世的犀类化石: 兼论华南地区第四纪独角犀的系统演化[J]. 第四纪研究, 2023, 43(3): 777-792. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2023.03.08 YAN Yaling, WANG Yuan, ZHU Min, ZHANG Yingqi, QIN Dagong, JIN Changzhu. New rhino remains from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Chongzuo, Guangxi with discussion on Quaternary Rhinoceros evolution in Southern China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2023, 43(3): 777-792. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2023.03.08
[17]	SUN Jijia, ZHANG Bei, CHEN Xi, DENG Li, WEN Jun, TONG Haowen. New fossils of Late Pleistocene Sus scrofa from Yangjiawan Cave 2, Jiangxi, China[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 2021, 59(1): 64-80.
[18]	林明昊. 河南淅川龙山岗遗址动物遗存分析[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2011. LIN Minghao. Analyses of Faunal Remains from Longshangang Site in Xichuan County, Henan Province[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2011.
[19]	张贝. 中国南方中晚更新世鹿类化石研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2021. ZHANG Bei. The research on Mid-Late Pleistocene cervid fossils from southern China[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021.
[20]	陈曦. 广西左江流域新石器时代贝丘遗址动物考古学研究报告[A]//广西文物保护与考古研究所. 广西左江花山考古(2013~2016)[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 2021, 896-925.
[21]	Samuel T Turvey, James Hansford, Selina Brace, Victoria Mullin, GU Shengxiao Gu, SUN Guoping. Holocene range collapse of giant muntjacs and pseudo-endemism in the Annamite large mammal fauna[J]. Journal of Biogeography, 2016, 43(11): 2250-2260. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12763
[22]	Stimpson C M, Utting B, O'Donnell S, Huong N T M, Kahlert T, Manh V, Khanh P S, Rabett R J. An 11 000-year-old giant muntjac subfossil from Northern Vietnam: implications for past and present populations[J]. Royal Society open science, 2019, 6: 181461. doi: 10.1098/rsos.181461
[23]	袁家荣, 莫林恒, 陈利文, 等. 高庙遗址出土动物遗存的整理与研究[A]//湖南省文物考古研究所. 洪江高庙[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2022, 1322-1542.
[24]	吕鹏. 广西邕江流域贝丘遗址的动物考古学研究[D]. 北京: 中国社会科学院研究生院, 2010. Lü Peng. Zooarchaeological study of shell midden sites along Yongjiang River, Guangxi[D]. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2010.
[25]	魏丰, 吴维棠, 张明华, 等. 浙江余姚河姆渡新石器时代遗址动物群[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1990: 42-43. Wei Feng, Wu Weitang, Zhang Minghua, et al. The fauna from the Neolithic site at Hemudu, Zhejiang[M]. Beijing: China Ocean Press, 1990: 42-43.
[26]	徐余瑄, 薛祥煦. 牛科[A]//古脊椎动物研究所高等脊椎动物组(编). 东北第四纪哺乳动物化石志[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1959, 60-71.
[27]	邹松林, 陈曦, 张贝, 赵克良, 文军, 邓里, 同号文. 江西萍乡上栗县晚更新世哺乳动物化石发现[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(1): 109-120. ZOU Songlin, CHEN Xi, ZHANG Bei, ZHAO Keliang, WEN Jun, DENG Li, TONG Haowen. Preliminary Report on the Late Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna from Shangli County, Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2016, 35(1): 109-120.
[28]	李有恒, 韩德芬. 广西桂林甑皮岩遗址动物群[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1978, 16(4): 244-254. LI Youheng, HAN Defen. Fauna at the Zengpiyan site in Guilin, Guangxi[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1978, 16(4): 244-254.
[29]	袁靖. 水陆生动物遗存的研究[A]//中国社会科学院考古研究所, 广西壮族自治区文物工作队, 桂林甑皮岩遗址博物馆, 等. 桂林甑皮岩[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 2003: 297-346.
[30]	广西柳州白莲洞洞穴科学博物馆. 柳州白莲洞[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 125-135.
[31]	王令红, 彭书琳, 陈远璋. 桂林宝积岩发现的古人类化石和石器[J]. 人类学学报, 1982, 1(1): 30-35. WANG linghong, PENG Shulin, CHEN Yuanzhang. On the human fossils and stone artifacts found in Baojiyan Cave, Guilin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1982, 1(1): 30-35.
[32]	王頠, 黄超林, 谢绍文, 鄢成林. 广西平乐鸡母岩发现的晚更新世人类牙齿化石[J]. 第四纪研究, 2011, 31(4): 699-704. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2011.04.13 WANG Wei, HUANG Chaolin, XIE Shaowen, YAN Chenglin. Late Pleistocene hominin teeth from the Jimuyan Cave, Pingle County, Guangxi, South China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2011, 31(4): 699-704. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2011.04.13
[33]	马安成, 汤虎良. 浙江金华全新世大熊猫-剑齿象动物群的发现及其意义[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1992, 30(4): 295-312. MA Ancheng, TANG Huliang. On discovery and significance of a Holocene Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna from Jinhua, Zhejiang[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1992, 30(4): 295-312.
[34]	SHENG Guilian, Nikolas Basler, JI Xueping, Michael Hofreiter, LAI XuLong, Axel Barlow. Paleogenome Reveals Genetic Contribution of Extinct Giant Panda to Extant Populations[J]. Current Biology, 2019, 29(10): 1695-1700.
[35]	文焕然, 文榕生. 再探历史时期中国野象的变迁[J]. 西南师范大学学报, 1990, 15(2): 224-232. Wen Huanran, Wen Rongsheng. Approaching again the wild Elephas maximus in China in the Period History[J]. Journal of Southwest Teachers University, 1990, 15(2): 224-232.
[36]	文焕然, 何业恒, 高耀亭. 中国野生犀牛的灭绝[J]. 湖北大学学报(自然科学版), 1981, 1: 50-60.
[37]	王运辅, 刘旻, 杨华, 李大地. 重庆巨梁沱遗址小食肉类遗存及生业意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2022: 1-15: DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0004. WANG Yunfu, LIU Wen, YANG Hua, LI Dadi. Remains of small carnivores and their subsistence significance from the Juliangtuo site of Chongqing[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022: 1-15: DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0004.
[38]	陈曦, 杨清平, 江左其杲. 广西左江流域新石器时代贝丘遗址动物考古学研究[J]. 南方文物, 2019, 2: 155-164. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2019.04.016 Chen Xi, Yang Qingping, Jiangzuo Qigao. Zooarchaeological research on the faunas of Shell Midden sites along the Zuojiang River[J]. Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2019, 2: 155-164. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2019.04.016
[39]	陈曦, 伍苏明, 王宣波, 徐秋元, 师宏伟, 李权, 江左其杲. 江苏沭阳唐代江獭的发现: 兼论江獭分布变迁[J]. 第四纪研究, 2023, 43(3): 868-877. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2023.03.14 CHEN Xi, WU Suming, WANG Xuanbo, XU Qiuyuan, SHI Hongwei, LI Quan, JIANGZUO Qigao. Discovery of Tang Dynasty smooth-coated otter(Lutrogale perspicillata) in Shuyang, Jiangsu, with discussion on its shifting historical distribution[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2023, 43(3): 868-877. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2023.03.14
[40]	Turvey S T, Crees J J, Li Zhipeng, Jon Bielby, Yuan Jing. Long-term archives reveal shifting extinction selectivity in China's postglacial mammal fauna[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2017, 284: 20171979. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1979
[41]	王绍武. 全新世气候变化[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2011: 1-283. Wang Shaowu. The Holocene Climate Change[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2011: 1-283.