不同岩性碳酸盐岩室内动态溶蚀实验特性研究

张佳欣; 褚学伟; 付海; 张启林; 宗劭康

doi:10.11932/karst20250307

不同岩性碳酸盐岩室内动态溶蚀实验特性研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20250307

贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室(贵州大学), 贵州贵阳 550025

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42062016）；贵州大学引进人才科研项目（贵大人基合字[2019]36 号）

详细信息

作者简介:
张佳欣（1999－），女，硕士研究生，主要从事岩溶水文地质的研究工作。E-mail：913710184@qq.com。

通讯作者:
褚学伟（1979－），男，博士，硕士研究生导师，主要从事岩溶水文地质和环境地质方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail：28409807@qq.com。

中图分类号: P642.251
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-10-04
- 录用日期: 2025-06-04
- 修回日期: 2025-05-22
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-03
- 刊出日期: 2025-06-30

Study on laboratory acid erosion characteristics of carbonate rocks in different formations under hydrodynamic action

College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China

摘要

摘要: 为研究原生环境改变后碳酸盐岩的溶蚀机制，采集5个碳酸盐岩地层的岩样，在不同酸液浓度及水动力条件下开展了室内动态溶蚀模拟实验，获得碳酸盐岩的化学成分、矿物成分、溶蚀前后微观形态、pH变化以及Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺溶出量，探讨不同条件下碳酸盐岩的溶蚀特征及规律。试验结果表明，在碳酸盐岩溶解过程中，水动力、酸液浓度和岩石岩性3个条件两两之间均存在交互作用。水动力条件变化对灰岩溶蚀的影响大于白云岩，且当溶液pH越小，水动力条件的影响越突出。不同类型碳酸盐岩的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺溶出率存在显著差异性，这与地层中方解石与白云石含量有显著关系，当2<CaO/MgO<30时，反应级数变化明显；当30<CaO/MgO<66时，反应级数趋于稳定。
- 碳酸盐岩 /
- 酸—岩反应 /
- 微观形态变化 /
- 化学反应速率 /
- 溶蚀实验
Abstract: In Southwest China, carbonate rocks are extensively distributed, and their unique dissolution features pose significant challenges to engineering construction in this region. This study focused on Guizhou Province, located in the core area of the karst regions in Southwest China. A phosphogypsum stacking site with potential leakage risks and intense karst development in the surrounding area was selected as the study area. The pH values of the phosphogypsum leachate, measured in the field at the landfill, ranged from 1.12 and 2.64. The dissolution characteristics of carbonate rocks are expected to change in such an acidic environment. While existing studies have mainly investigated the dissolution effects on carbonate rocks by altering the single factor, the combined influence of lithology, fluid state, and acid concentration on carbonate rocks dissolution remains underexplored. In order to study the dissolution mechanism of carbonate rocks after the original environmental change, five strata samples in the area of Fuquan City, Guizhou Province were collected in this experiment. These samples included limestone of the Lower Triassic Maocaopu Formation (T₁m), dolomite of the Anshun Formation (T₁a), limestone of the Middle Triassic Qingyan Formation (T₂q²), limestone of the Falang Formation (T₂f²), and dolomite of the Late Aurora Dengying Formation (Z₂dy). Indoor dynamic simulation experiments on dissolution were carried out under different acid concentrations and hydrodynamic conditions.The research results show: (1) Compared with the rock samples of the Maocaopu Formation, which have a relatively uniform mineral composition with a calcite content of 96.72%, the Falang Formation contains 47.22% calcite and 51.93% dolomite. Differences in the connectivity of the contact surfaces between these minerals result in the easy detachment of the surface material from the rocks. (2) At a pH value of 1, the difference in the amount of dissolution per unit area between limestone and dolomite is significant. The amount of dissolution per unit area of the dolomite from the Qingyan Formation, the Maocaopu Formation, and the Falang Formation increases by 12% to 32%, compared with that of dolomite from the Anshun Formation and the Dengying Formation. When the pH value is raised to 2, increasing the rotational speed of the disk does not result in a significant increase in the amount of dissolution per unit area for either limestone or dolomite. (3) Under hydrodynamic conditions of 200 rpm, the CaO/MgO ratio of the dolomite from the Falang Formation is 17.83, with an acid-rock reaction rate constant of 0.964×10⁻⁶. In contrast, the limestone from the Maocaopu Formation has a CaO/MgO ratio of 65.59 and an acid-rock reaction rate constant of 1.023×10⁻⁶. Under hydrodynamic conditions of 400 rpm, the difference between the acid-rock reaction rate constants of the Falang Formation and the Maocaopu Formation is 5.38×10⁻⁶. The difference in CaO/MgO ratios between the two formations is significant; however, the difference in acid-rock reaction rate constants of the Falang Formation and the Maocaopu Formation is not substantial under high hydrodynamic force. In conclusion, in acidic solutions, the chemical reaction rates (R) of the five rock groups follow the order: the Qingyan Formation>the Maocaopu Formation>the Falang Formation>the Anshun Formation>the Dengying Formation. During the dissolution of carbonate rocks, three factors interact: hydrodynamics, acid concentration, and lithology. Higher acid concentrations amplify the differences in dissolution caused by variations in hydrodynamic conditions. Conversely, increased hydrodynamic activities accentuate the influence of differences in tuff rock properties on dissolution. Under the erosive action of acidic water, the uneven erosion arises from differences in the properties of both the acid and the rock—such as compound content, mineral composition, and crystal morphology—resulting in the formation of irregular erosion channels.
- carbonate rocks /
- acid-rock reaction /
- micro-morphological change /
- chemical reaction rate /
- dissolution experiment

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图 1 实验装置

Figure 1. Experimental installation

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图 2 堆场回流池

Figure 2. Leachate returning-ponds at landfills

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图 3 岩样溶蚀前后的形态对比

Figure 3. Morphological comparison of some rock samples before and after dissolution

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图 4 不同地层碳酸盐岩溶蚀前后微观形态对比

Figure 4. Comparison of microscopic morphology before and after dissolution in different formations

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图 5 pH1条件下，各组溶液pH值随时间变化

Figure 5. At a pH value of 1, variations in solution pH values over time

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图 6 pH=1，动态条件下Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺释放量

Figure 6. Release of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ at a pH value of 1

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图 7 pH=2，动态条件下Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺释放量

Figure 7. Release of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ at a pH value of 2

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图 8 pH1、2条件下,反应时间与化学反应速率的关系

Figure 8. Relationship between reaction time and chemical reaction rates at pH values of 1 and 2

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图 9 各组试样的单位面积溶蚀量变化

Figure 9. Dissolution amount per unit area of each group

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图 10 CaO/MgO(%)与K、m的响应关系

Figure 10. Correspondence of CaO/MgO (%) with K and m

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表 1 碳酸盐岩样品主要化合物及矿物百分含量(%)

Table 1. Percentages of main compounds and mineral compositions of carbonate rock samples

地层	化合物含量			矿物成分含量				类型划分^[31]
地层	CaO	MgO	CaO/MgO	方解石	白云石	石英	石膏	类型划分^[31]
青岩组(Q)	54.93	0.91	60.14	94.15	3.69	2.15	−	纯灰岩
茅草铺组(M)	51.26	0.78	65.59	96.72	0.04	2.75	0.49	纯灰岩
法郎组(F)	53.58	3.01	17.83	47.22	51.93	0.85	−	含白云的石灰岩
安顺组(A)	43.01	13.33	3.23	0.28	99.65	−	0.06	灰质白云岩
灯影组(D)	24.1	11.54	2.09	−	85.09	14.91	−	含灰的白云岩
注：“−”表示未检出。

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表 2 各实验组溶蚀率(%)

Table 2. Dissolution rate of each group

pH	200转/分		400转/分		600转/分
pH	编号	溶蚀率/%	编号	溶蚀率/%	编号	溶蚀率/%
1	F1	50.66	F2	64.49	F3	65.48
	Q1	53.37	Q2	65.04	Q3	66.75
	M1	55.24	M2	65.47	M3	68.95
	A1	43.22	A2	54.96	A3	55.82
	D1	41.13	D2	49.46	D3	52.81
2	F4	6.07	F5	6.34	F6	6.25
	Q4	6.30	Q5	6.45	Q6	6.50
	M4	6.45	M5	6.59	M6	6.62
	A4	5.64	A5	5.79	A6	5.72
	D4	5.93	D5	6.16	D6	5.99

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表 3 pH=2条件下不同地层在200、400转/分的反应速率常数

Table 3. Reaction rate constants at 200 rpm and 400 rpm for different formations at a pH value of 2

分析组	地层	CaO/MgO	转速	K/×10⁻⁶	J	R²
α	F含白云石灰岩	17.83	200	0.964	9.638×10⁻⁷C^0.73	0.6804
β	Q纯灰岩	60.14		1.107	1.107×10⁻⁶C^0.66	0.8751
β	M纯灰岩	65.59		1.023	1.023×10⁻⁶C^0.50	0.7686
γ	A灰质白云岩	3.23		0.142	1.418×10⁻⁷C^0.38	0.8382
γ	D含灰质白云岩	2.09		0.051	5.129×10⁻⁸C^0.23	0.8214
α	F含白云石灰岩	17.83	400	3.928	3.928×10⁻⁶C^0.81	0.9204
β	Q纯灰岩	60.14		9.312	9.312×10⁻⁶C^0.91	0.9430
β	M纯灰岩	65.59		9.308	9.308×10⁻⁶C^0.90	0.9258
γ	A灰质白云岩	3.23		1.302	1.302×10⁻⁶C^0.69	0.8120
γ	D含灰质白云岩	2.09		1.069	1.069×10⁻⁶C^0.53	0.8756

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