Analysis of characteristics and control factors of underground river pipeline based on tracer test and crack measurement-Take Luohandu Underground River as an example.
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摘要: 我国西南地区岩溶发育十分显著，目前已探明的岩溶地下河达
3066 条。作为地下水资源赋存的主要空间，岩溶管道的展布特征及其发育控制因素的研究具有重要意义。本文以恭城县罗汉肚地下河为研究对象，在区域构造条件分析和洞穴探测的基础上，综合运用示踪试验和裂隙测量方法，揭示了地下河管道的发育展布特征及其控制因素。通过高精度定量示踪试验的曲线特征分析，明确了罗汉肚地下河为单一管道形态。同时，采用统计窗口法对四组裂隙进行了测量，其中三组为构造裂隙，一组为层面裂隙。研究发现，第1组和第4组裂隙的走向与地下河的发育方向基本一致。进一步分析表明，高角度构造裂隙为地下河的补给提供了重要通道。通过计算构造裂隙渗透张量主值，发现5个测量点的渗透张量主值K3的倾向范围为254°至292°，倾角多小于25°。最大渗透张量的方向决定了岩溶地下水的渗流方向，进而控制了地下河管道的发育。本研究通过多种技术手段，不仅系统掌握了地下河管道的展布特征，还深入揭示了地下河形成的控制因素，为后续开展地下河调查及水资源评价提供了重要的科学依据。Abstract:The karst development in southwest China is very remarkable. At present, there are 3066 karst underground rivers that have been proved. As the main space of groundwater resources, it is of great significance to study the distribution characteristics and development control factors of karst pipelines. In this paper, Luohandu underground river in Gongcheng county was taken as the research object, and a 1:50000 hydrogeological survey was carried out. It was found that there was an upper karst cave at the outlet of Luohandu underground river, which was supposed to be the original discharge outlet. The length of the karst cave was 567.9m, and according to the investigation, it was found that the pipeline of the lower underground river was about 1.6km long. According to the regional geological data, Luohandu Underground River is located near the structural belt of Chestnut-Heping fault and Jiahui translational fault, in which Chestnut-Heping fault develops in the north-south direction and Jiahui translational fault develops in the east-west direction. The chestnut-Heping fault is cut in the working area, and the structure controls the development of underground river pipelines.In order to find out the controlling factors of pipeline development and development, groundwater tracing test and fracture measurement are carried out. The tracer test was put into the skylight of the underground river in the upper reaches of the underground river, and the tracer was received only in 1.5 hours. The tracer concentration reached the peak in 1.7 hours, and then began to decrease. It was calculated that the maximum velocity of groundwater between the skylight and the outlet of the underground river was 550.4 m·h−1, and the average velocity was 447.7 m·h−1 , which showed that the underground water flow between the skylight and the outlet of the underground river was closely related to the underground water, and the underground water migration path was relatively smooth, and the karst was developed in the shape of a single pipe. At the same time, four groups of cracks were measured by statistical window method, including three groups of structural cracks and one group of bedding cracks. In order to study the control of cracks on the development of karst pipelines, the statistical analysis of crack measurement results shows that the direction of cracks in the first and fourth groups is basically consistent with the development direction of underground rivers. Further analysis shows that high-angle structural fractures provide an important channel for the recharge of underground rivers. By calculating the principal value of permeability tensor of structural fractures, it was found that the dip directions of the third principal permeability tensor (K3) at five measurement points ranged from 254° to 292°, with dip angles mostly less than 25°. The direction of maximum permeability governs the seepage direction of karst groundwater, and long-term erosion and dissolution along this direction ultimately control the development of the underground river conduit. On the basis of 1: 50000 hydrogeologic survey and regional geological data, this study understands the structural pattern, describes the distribution and spatial characteristics of underground river pipelines in detail based on high-precision tracer tests, and analyzes the control of structural fractures on underground river pipelines by combining fracture measurement and calculation of permeability tensor. Through various technical means, not only the distribution characteristics of underground river pipelines are systematically grasped, but also the controlling factors of underground river formation are deeply revealed, which provides an important scientific basis for the subsequent investigation of underground rivers and water resources evaluation. -
图 4 融县组地层走向玫瑰花图和等密度图
Figure 4. Rose diagram and isodensity diagram of strata strike of Rongxian Formation
表 1 示踪试验部署情况
Table 1. Deployment of tracer tests
投放地点 至出口距离L/m 投放时间 示踪剂种类 注入方式 投放量M/g LA107天窗 1097 2022-05-30 11：50 荧光素钠 一次性注入 15 
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表 2 罗汉肚地下河示踪段水力参数
Table 2. Hydraulic parameters of Luohandu underground river tracing section
示踪间段 P/% T/h V/m3 A/m2 DC/m DL/m NR LA107-LA109 72.05 29.01 10445 6.5078 2.8785 2570.7 35631
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表 3 罗汉肚地下河发育地层主要裂隙发育情况
Table 3. Development ofmain fractures in Luohandu underground river development strata
裂隙分组 产状 延伸长度/m 隙宽/mm 线密度
/条·m-1结构面类型 充填情况 倾向/° 倾角/° 1 20~40 45~80 1.5~2 0.20~0.75 8 构造裂隙 泥质填充 2 80~148 14~58 ＞2 0.05~0.68 12 层面裂隙 无填充 3 192~265 40~83 ＞2 0.05~1.20 10 构造裂隙 无填充 4 273~359 32~73 ＞2 0.05~1.10 8 构造裂隙 无填充
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表 4 罗汉肚地下河裂隙测量渗透张量计算结果
Table 4. Calculation results of permeability tensor in fracture measurement of Luohandu underground river
测量点 渗透张量/m·d-1 渗透主值/m·d-1 渗透主值方向 综合渗透系数
K0/m∙d−1倾向/° 倾角/° C01 1.9315 − 0.1869 − 0.1050 0.648 61.2 84.2 1.206 − 0.1869 1.4104 − 0.0207 1.354 162.8 4.2 − 0.1050 − 0.0207 0.6582 1.998 287.5 4.0 C02 − 0.1863 − 0.9732 − 0.1350 1.540 10.8 7.8 1.949 0.3091 0.0724 − 0.9483 1.819 256.8 71.5 0.9326 − 0.2184 0.2874 2.641 283.2 16.7 C03 2.6695 − 0.4385 0.2672 1.429 231.7 10.8 1.905 − 0.4385 1.8306 − 0.0361 1.666 19.1 75.0 0.2672 − 0.0361 1.4999 2.905 292.5 10.4 C04 2.0564 0.7778 − 0.0377 1.247 316.5 10.8 1.890 0.7778 2.0391 − 0.2081 1.896 91.5 75.0 − 0.0377 − 0.2081 1.9045 2.857 254.5 10.4 C05 1.3275 0.4047 − 0.1757 0.783 345.2 55.1 1.220 0.4047 1.5992 − 0.4779 1.094 111.1 22.2 − 0.1757 − 0.4779 1.0733 2.123 272.3 25.4 注：表中渗透主值从上往下依次为K1、K2、K3，其中K3代表最大渗透张量主值方向。
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