川滇菱形地块地形陡降带岩溶大泉发育与分布特征

许模; 黄靖宇; 程浩杰; 郭健; 漆继红; 张强

doi:10.11932/karst2026y043

川滇菱形地块地形陡降带岩溶大泉发育与分布特征

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y043

成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室, 四川成都, 610059

详细信息

作者简介:
许模（1963－），男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事环境工程地质、工程水文地质研究工作。E-mail：xm@cdut.edu.cn

中图分类号: P641
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-08-15
- 录用日期: 2026-09-20
- 修回日期: 2026-09-20
- 网络出版日期: 2026-10-22

Large Karst Springs in the Topographic Steep-Drop Zone of the Sichuan−Yunnan Rhombic Block: Development and Distribution

State Key Laboratory of Geological Hazard Prevention and Geological Environmental Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China

Funds: These findings provide a regional synthesis of karst water systems in an active tectonic setting and offer empirical support for water resource evaluation and risk identification in major engineering projects within the study area.

摘要

摘要: 川滇菱形地块中部为青藏高原向云贵高原急剧过渡的地形陡降带，断裂密集、新构造活动强烈、水系深切，深刻影响了该区岩溶水系统的形成与演化。查明本区岩溶水的赋存特征与运动规律，直接关系区域水资源评价与工程安全建设。文章在阐明陡降带岩溶发育条件的背景下，对区内156处流量≥50L/s的泉点进行了分类统计与空间分布归纳，并结合典型案例讨论了岩溶水系统的结构特性及其工程效应。结果表明：陡降带岩溶水系统表现大泉为主、暗河居次的发育格局。中生界泉点数量最多，上古生界泉点的排泄量更具规模，暗河具有更强的层位选择性；泉点的数量和规模在2200~2 600 m的山盆接触带达到峰值。该区岩溶水系统兼具继承与改造的双重属性，表现为管道结构多期性、含水介质趋管道化及外源补给驱动排泄激增等特征，涉及水库渗漏、隧道突涌水及环境负效应等工程水文地质问题。
- 岩溶水系统 /
- 大泉 /
- 川滇菱形地块 /
- 地形陡降带
Abstract: The central part of the Sichuan−Yunnan Rhombic Block, located along the border between Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, represents a prominent topographic steep-drop zone where the Tibetan Plateau rapidly descends toward the Yunnan−Guizhou Plateau. This zone is tectonically situated at the boundary between the Songpan−Garzê orogenic belt and the Yangtze Block. Dense faulting, intense neotectonic activity, and deep incision by the Jinsha River system have together shaped a landscape characterized by highland planation surfaces, fault-bounded basins, and deep gorges. These conditions have profoundly influenced the formation and evolution of regional karst water systems. Clarifying the development and distribution of large karst springs in this steep-drop zone is therefore of considerable scientific importance for understanding karst systems in active tectonic settings, and also of practical value for regional water resource assessment and engineering safety.Previous investigations in this area have largely focused on isolated spring fields or specific engineering sites, such as the Lijiang Basin and the Yalong River bend, where relatively detailed hydrogeological surveys have been conducted. However, these studies are generally site-specific and have not treated the entire steep-drop zone as a unified tectonic−geomorphic unit. Consequently, a systematic regional-scale synthesis of karst water systems in this zone is still lacking. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by integrating data from regional hydrogeological maps, field surveys, and recent engineering practice.For this study, a total of 156 concentrated karst groundwater discharge points with a flow rate equal to or greater than 50 L/s were identified within the study area. These points include 119 large karst springs and 37 subterranean rivers. In order to distinguish between these two types, all discharge points were systematically re-examined based on their outcrop characteristics. Points with clearly developed conduits and river-like flow features were classified as subterranean rivers, while the remaining concentrated discharge points were grouped as large springs. Because the original flow data were mostly single measurements with uncertainties arising from different estimation methods, discharge magnitudes were grouped into three classes for statistical analysis: medium (50−100 L/s), large (100−500 L/s), and extra-large (>500 L/s). The spatial distribution, discharge magnitude, and geological controls of these discharge points were then analyzed. In addition, typical engineering case studies were used to explore the structural characteristics of the karst water systems and their potential engineering hydrogeological implications.The results reveal several important features. First, the soluble rocks in the study area, which range in age from Proterozoic to Mesozoic, cover an area of approximately 1.27×10⁴ km². Mesozoic strata are the most widely distributed. Among the 156 discharge points, large springs predominate, accounting for 119, while subterranean rivers number 37. The aquifer media are predominantly of the fissure−cavity type, indicating a fissure−cavity dominated karst water system.Second, in terms of stratigraphic distribution, the Mesozoic strata host the largest number of discharge points. However, when normalized by outcrop area, the Upper Paleozoic strata have the highest density of large and extra-large discharge points, indicating a more mature karst water system in that unit. Subterranean rivers also show a stronger lithological selectivity compared with large springs, being preferentially developed in thick, pure carbonate rocks. Vertically, the number and discharge magnitude of the discharge points reach their peak at elevations between 2200 and 2600 m, which corresponds closely to the main distribution elevations of fault-bounded and tectonic solution basins in the region. This piedmont−basin contact zone is thus identified as a key area for concentrated karst water discharge.Third, multi-phase fault activity and intense folding have created favorable conditions for groundwater flow and enrichment, leading to the widespread development of large springs. The steep-drop zone exhibits a dual character of "inheritance" and "modification." On the one hand, it preserves remnants of ancient karst structures formed during the disintegration of the plateau planation surface; on the other hand, it has been strongly reshaped by the high hydraulic gradients and differential uplift associated with the topographic transition. As a result, the karst water systems in this zone display three prominent characteristics: multi-stage conduit structures in valley areas, a tendency toward conduit development in basin-margin aquifers, and significant discharge surges driven by allogenic recharge. These characteristics are closely linked to potential engineering hydrogeological problems, including reservoir leakage, tunnel water inflow, and negative environmental effects such as spring attenuation.
- karst water system /
- large karst springs /
- Sichuan−Yunnan Rhombic Block /
- topographic steep-drop zone

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图 1 研究区地质背景图（a）菱形地块构造纲要图；（b）研究区地质条件与可溶岩分布图；（c）区域地势图

Figure 1. Geological background of the study area. (a) Rhombic block tectonic outline map ; (b) Geological conditions and soluble rock distribution map of the study area; (c) Regional topographic map

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图 2 地形剖面与多级剥夷面分布示意图

Figure 2. Topographic profile and distribution of multi-level planation surfaces

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图 3 研究区岩溶水泉点分布图（a）下降泉（b）下降泉群、上升泉、温泉（c）暗河（d）各泉点流量规模占比

Figure 3. Distribution of concentrated karst water discharge points in the study area: (a) Descending springs; (b) Descending spring groups, ascending springs and hot springs; (c) Subterranean river; (d) Proportion of discharge magnitude for each type of discharge point

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图 4 不同可溶岩层位中暗河与大泉的数量和密度的变化图

Figure 4. Variations in the quantity and density of subterranean rivers and large springs within different soluble rock strata

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图 5 不同可溶岩层位中泉点流量规模级别的数量与密度变化图

Figure 5. Variations in the quantity and density of discharge points with different discharge magnitude grades in various soluble rock strata

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图 6 不同高程区段暗河与大泉及流量规模级别的数量分布图

Figure 6. Distribution of subterranean rivers, large springs and discharge points of different discharge magnitude grades in elevation intervals

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图 7 （a）构造抬升与河流下切控制下的羊窝子暗河多期管道结构示意图（b）管道示踪试验浓度-时间监测曲线

Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of multi-stage conduit structure of Yangwozi subterranean river controlled by tectonic uplift and river incision; (b) Concentration-time monitoring curve of conduit tracer test

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图 8 丽江古城黑龙潭泉域水文地质简图

1.第四系孔隙含水层；2.下第三系孔隙含水层；3.中三叠统下段岩溶含水层；4.中三叠统中上段岩溶含水层；5.上二叠统隔水层；6.示踪剂注入点；7.逆断层；8.地下水流向；9.岩溶洼地；10.地表分水岭；11.河流溪沟；12.泉点与编号

Figure 8. Hydrogeological sketch of Heilongtan Spring catchment, Lijiang Ancient City

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图 9 （a）黑龙潭泉域岩溶水系统主要结构特征概念模型（b）基于弥散系数和平均流速的含水介质类型图解法

Figure 9. (a) Conceptual model of primary structural features for karst water system, Heilongtan Spring catchment (b) Classification diagram of aquifer media using dispersion coefficient and average velocity

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图 10 中所暗河与喜德暗河集水区水文地质简图

Figure 10. Hydrogeological sketch map of the catchment areas of Zhongsu subterranean river and Xide subterranean river

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图 11 某线性工程穿越喜德暗河系统涌水量监测

Figure 11. Water inflow monitoring for a linear engineering project crossing the Xide subterranean river system

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表 1 研究区可溶岩地层岩性特征简表

Table 1. Summary of lithological features of soluble-rock strata in the study area

地质单元	主要出露地层	岩性特征	出露面积/km²	分布区域
元古界	上震旦统	白云岩，夹硅质条带，底部含砂砾岩	1635	金河–箐河断裂两侧、越西—喜德一带
下古生界	中上奥陶统、寒武系	白云岩、灰质白云岩、灰岩，夹砂泥岩	986	盐源盆地南缘、剑川—洱源一带
上古生界	石炭系、下二叠统、泥盆系	灰岩、白云质灰岩	2765	金河–箐河断裂两侧、宁蒗西北
中生界	中三叠统	灰岩、白云质灰岩	7319	滇西北、盐源盆地周缘

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表 2 各类泉点基础指标统计

Table 2. Statistics of basic parameters of different spring types

指标	泉点类型
指标	下降泉	下降泉群	上升泉	温泉	暗河
特大型数量 (个)	10	9	1	0	11
大型数量 (个)	51	4	4	3	17
中型数量 (个)	30	3	2	2	9
流量四分位区间 (L/s)	85~294	115~932	92~203	72~154	119~693
出露高程区间 (m)	1356~3532	1486~2931	2098~2957	1776~2226	1350~3108
出露类型	接触泉/溢出泉为主		断层泉为主		管道溢流

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