Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Mechanisms of Groundwater Reserve Areas in the Karst Region of Guangdong Province
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摘要: 岩溶区地下水储量筛选是区内水资源合理开发的关键环节，其准确实现依赖于对多因素耦合机制的深入理解。文章以清远市陂头、周陂、江尾和云浮市连滩储备区为研究对象，通过水文地质调查、水文地球化学和同位素样品（δD、δ18O）测试分析，结合Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值法等方法和技术，对广东省碳酸盐岩地下水储备区水化学特征与演化机制进行系统研究。研究结果表明：区内水体呈弱碱性，属低矿化度水，其水化学类型以HCO3-Ca(Mg)型为主；水化学组分主要受水-岩相互作用控制，方解石溶解贡献占比地下水达73.33%、2.67%和24.00%，地表水分别为80.00%、4.00%和16.00%。连滩地区因白云岩广泛出露，78.9%的地下水样品受白云石溶解控制。氢氧同位素指示大气降水为主要补给源，粤北周陂、江尾地表水氘盈余均值分别为7.2‰和5.5‰，显示强烈蒸发分馏；粤西连滩地表水氘盈余达11.7‰，蒸发影响微弱。整体而言，区内碳酸盐岩溶解与大气降水补给是控制区域地下水化学演化的核心机制。研究成果可为本区地下水储备区筛选提供了科学依据。Abstract: The screening of groundwater reserves in karst regions is a critical step for the rational development of water resources within such areas; its accurate implementation depends on a deep understanding of the coupled multi-factor mechanisms. This study focuses on the strategic groundwater reserve zones of Bitou, Zhoubei, and Jiangwei in Qingyuan City, as well as the Liantan reserve zone in Yunfu City. Through hydrogeological surveys, hydrogeochemical analyses, and isotopic sample testing (δD, δ18O), combined with methodologies and techniques such as the Piper three-line diagram, Gibbs diagram, and ion ratio method, this study conducts a systematic investigation into the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms of groundwater in the carbonate rock groundwater strategic reserve zones of Guangdong Province. The results indicate that the water bodies within these areas are weakly alkaline and exhibit low mineralization levels; their hydrochemical type is predominantly HCO3−Ca (Mg) type. The hydrochemical composition is primarily controlled by water−rock interactions: the contribution of calcite dissolution to groundwater amounts to 73.33%,2.67%, and 24.00%, respectively; for surface water, these values are 80.00%,4.00%, and 16.00%, respectively. In the Liantan area, due to the widespread exposure of dolomite, 78.9% of the groundwater samples are influenced by dolomite dissolution. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that atmospheric precipitation serves as the primary recharge source; the average deuterium surplus of surface water in Zhoubei and Jiangwei (northern Guangdong) is 7.2‰ and 5.5‰, respectively, reflecting intense evaporation fractionation; in contrast, the deuterium surplus of surface water in Liantan (western Guangdong) reaches 11.7‰, indicating a minimal influence of evaporation. Overall, carbonate rock dissolution and atmospheric precipitation recharge constitute the core mechanisms governing the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in this region. These findings provide a scientific basis for identifying suitable groundwater strategic reserve zones within this area.
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图 1 研究区水质采样点分布图
Figure 1. Distribution map of water quality sampling points in the study area
图 2 研究区地下水和地表水主要离子质量浓度平均值折线图
Figure 2. Line chart of average mass concentrations of major ions in groundwater and surface water in the study area
图 3 研究区地表水Piper三线图
Figure 3. Piper Three-Line Diagram for Surface Water Quality in the Study Area
图 7 研究区域内地下水与地表水之间水-岩相互作用机制示意图
Figure 7. Map of the water-rock interaction mechanisms between groundwater and surface water in the study area
图 8 研究区地下水、地表水δD和δ18O关系图
Figure 8. Relationship diagram between δD and δ18O values of groundwater and surface water in the study area
表 1 研究区地下水和地表水δD、δ18O和d-excess值
Table 1. The values of δD、 δ18Oand d-excess for groundwater and surface water in the study area
位置 样品类型 样本数 δD (‰) δ18O (‰) d-excess (‰) 周陂 地下水 n1 −35.3±6.0（−46.1~−26.0） −5.6±1.0（−7.4~−4.0） 9.9±2.1（5.9~13.2） 周陂 地表水 n2 −29.7±7.6（−40.1~−14.5） −4.6±1.4（−6.5~−1.9） 7.2±3.8（0.9~12.0） 江尾 地下水 n3 −33.4±5.6（−41.6~−20.6） −5.4±1.0（−6.8~−3.2） 9.5±2.5（3.1~12.9） 江尾 地表水 n4 −23.4±13.7（−31.9~−7.6） −3.6±2.7（−5.2~−0.5） 5.5±7.8（−3.4~10.9） 连滩 地下水 n5 −40.8±4.6（−53.1~−31.8） −6.4±0.6（−7.9~−5.3） 10.5±1.5（7.0~13.5） 连滩 地表水 n6 −40.4±2.0（−42.6~−38.7） −6.5±0.3（−6.9~−6.3） 11.7±1.3（10.2~12.5） 陂头 地下水 n7 −35.6±2.7（−42.0~−31.4） −5.9±0.5（−6.7~−5.1） 11.3±1.3（9.1~13.2） 陂头 地表水 n8 −32.4±2.3（−35.8~−29.6） −5.3±0.4（−5.8~−4.8） 10.1±1.0（8.4~11.0） 
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