自然和人类活动影响下山西岩溶大泉流量和水质演变特征

张钰; 赵一; 申豪勇; 梁永平; 付雅君; 王慧平; 王志恒; 赵春红; 王建刚; 谢浩; 任坤; 桌琳杨

doi:10.11932/karst2026y027

自然和人类活动影响下山西岩溶大泉流量和水质演变特征

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y027

张钰^1,,
赵一^{2, 3, ,},
申豪勇^{2, 3},
梁永平^{2, 3},
付雅君¹,
王慧平⁴,
王志恒^{2, 3},
赵春红^{2, 3},
王建刚⁴,
谢浩^{2, 3},
任坤^{2, 3},
桌琳杨^{2, 3}

1.
山西省水利发展中心, 山西太原 030002
2.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
3.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406
4.
晋城市水文水资源事务中心, 山西晋城 048000

基金项目: 广西自然科学基金项目（2025GXNSFAA069753）；国家自然科学基金项目（42372299）；国家重点研发计划（2024YFC3713100）；中国地质调查项目（DD20230500305，DD202605101703）；中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目（2023003，2023018）。

详细信息

作者简介:
张钰（1980─），女，工程师，硕士，研究方向为水文与水资源。E-mail：zyu80119@sina.com

通讯作者:
赵一（1989─），男，副研究员，硕士，研究方向为地下水科学与工程。E-mail：767337467@qq.com。

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-03-19
- 网络出版日期: 2026-08-25

Evolutionary Characteristics of Discharge and Water Quality of Karst Springs in Shanxi under the Influence of Natural and Human Activitie

ZHANG Yu^1
,,
ZHAO Yi^{2, 3
, ,},
SHEN Haoyong^{2, 3},
LIANG Yongping^{2, 3},
FU Yajun¹,
WANG Huiping⁴,
WANG Zhiheng^{2, 3},
ZHAO Chunhong^{2, 3},
WANG Jiangang⁴,
XIE Hao^{2, 3},
REN Kun^{2, 3},
ZHUO Linyang^{2, 3}

1.
Shanxi Hydraulic Development Center, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
2.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
3.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China
4.
Jincheng Hydrology and Water Resources Affairs Center, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, China

摘要

摘要: 山西岩溶大泉不仅是我国北方地区重要的水资源载体，更是区域生态环境健康的指示器，掌握山西岩溶大泉流量与水质演变特征与驱动因素，对于北方岩溶大泉的保护和管理具有重要意义。本文以山西19处岩溶大泉为研究对象，定量解析了自然因素和人类活动对岩溶大泉流量衰减的贡献率，并探讨了岩溶大泉水质演变的地球化学机制。结果表明：山西岩溶大泉总流量呈阶段性衰减趋势，驱动因素由自然因素绝对主导逐渐转变为人类活动绝对主导。近40年山西岩溶大泉水质的演变趋势是Fe、Mn、Pb、F⁻和NH$_4^{+}$污染状况有所改善，而${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、总硬度（TH）和总溶解固体（TDS）含量显著升高。采空区煤系地层中黄铁矿氧化产生的矿坑水或酸性煤矿“老窑水”，进而中和溶解奥陶系灰岩，是导致岩溶大泉${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH和TDS含量显著升高的主导地球化学过程。
- 岩溶大泉 /
- 流量 /
- 水质 /
- 演变特征 /
- 驱动因素
Abstract: Shanxi Province hosts the most extensive karst terrain in northern China and exhibits the most representative semi-arid karst features in the region. Its 19 major karst springs serve as critical water resources for regional socio-economic development and ecological security. Based on long-term discharge records (1956−2024) and three-phase water quality data (1986−1987, 2000−2005, and 2020−2025), this study systematically investigates the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of spring discharge and water quality under the combined impacts of natural variability and anthropogenic activities. The results reveal that: (1) The evolution of spring discharge can be divided into four stages. During the baseline period (1956−1960), discharge was governed predominantly by natural factors. In 1961−1980, climatic change and human activities contributed 69.5% and 30.5% to flow attenuation, respectively, with natural forces still dominant. In 1981−2000, the contributions shifted to 36.5% (climate) and 63.5% (human activities), making anthropogenic factors the primary driver. In 2001−2024, the contribution rates became 12.0% and 88.0%, respectively, indicating that human activities became the overwhelmingly dominant factor. (2) Over the past four decades, water quality has displayed a divergent trend of "improvement in legacy contaminants versus emergence of new problems". Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Pb, F⁻, and NH$_4^{+}$ have generally decreased, whereas ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, total hardness (TH), and total dissolved solids (TDS) have increased significantly. The dominant geochemical process driving these increases is the neutralization-dissolution reaction between acid mine drainage (or "old mine water")—generated by oxidation of pyrite in coal-measure strata within goaf areas—and the underlying Ordovician carbonate rocks. (3) Discharge evolution is controlled by climate change, groundwater abstraction, coal mining, changes in infiltration conditions, and artificial recharge projects. Water quality evolution is jointly influenced by lithology and geological structure, climate variability, groundwater pumping, coal mining activities, contaminant inputs, and engineered remediation measures. The study concludes that long-term intensive overexploitation of groundwater and coal resources have induced irreversible structural modifications to the karst aquifer systems. Coupled with the hysteresis effect of pollutant release from abandoned mine water, the major karst springs of Shanxi still face considerable challenges. We recommend synergistic management strategies encompassing optimized allocation of karst water resources, strict regulation of mining-related drainage, comprehensive treatment of "old mine water", and consolidation of ecological restoration achievements, so as to provide scientific support for the protection and sustainable management of major karst springs in northern China.
- Karst springs /
- Discharge /
- Water quality /
- Evolutionary characteristics /
- Driving factors

HTML

图 1 山西岩溶大泉分布图

Figure 1. Distribution map of major karst springs in Shanxi Province

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图 2 东部太行山东麓岩溶大泉流量动态曲线

Figure 2. Dynamic curves of discharge for major karst springs at the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains

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图 3 中部盆地边缘岩溶大泉流量动态曲线

Figure 3. Dynamic curves of discharge for major karst springs at the margins of central basins

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图 4 西部吕梁山西侧黄河沿岸岩溶大泉流量动态曲线

Figure 4. Dynamic curves of discharge for major karst springs along the Yellow River on the western side of the Lvliang Mountains

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图 5 山西岩溶大泉总流量动态曲线

Figure 5. Dynamic curves of total discharge for major karst springs in Shanxi Province

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图 6 岩溶大泉降水-流量的双累积曲线图

Figure 6. Double-mass curve of precipitation and discharge for major karst springs

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图 7 岩溶大泉降水量、总流量、地下水开采量和煤矿开采量动态变化图

Figure 7. Dynamic variations of precipitation, total discharge, groundwater abstraction, and coal production for major karst springs

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图 8 典型岩溶大泉${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH和TDS含量的变化图

Figure 8. Variation curves of ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, TH and TDS concentrations in typical karst springs

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表 1 不同阶段岩溶大泉流量衰减归因分析表

Table 1. Attribution analysis of karst spring discharge attenuation in different stages

阶段	时段/年	降雨量/ mm	岩溶大泉总流量/ (m³∙s⁻¹)	总流量衰减量/ (m³∙s⁻¹)	气候贡献率/%	人类活动贡献率/%	主导因素
I	1956—1960	560.63	78.72	−			自然因素绝对主导
II	1961—1980	525.21	71.57	−7.15	69.5%	30.5%	自然因素主导
III	1981—2000	484.99	49.64	−29.08	36.5%	63.5%	人类活动主导
IV	2001—2024	523.01	34.50	−44.22	12.0%	88.0%	人类活动绝对主导

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表 2 山西岩溶大泉不同时期水质(TDS, TH)和超标项对比表 (单位：mg∙L⁻¹⁾

Table 2. Comparison of water quality (TDS, TH) and non-compliant parameters of major karst springs in different periods (Units: mg∙L⁻¹)

泉域	代表样	1986—1987年			2000—2005年			2020—2025年
泉域	代表样	TDS	TH	超标项	TDS	TH	超标项	TDS	TH	超标项
娘子关泉域	五龙泉	571.18	421.63	Mn、Pb	646.00	456.00	TH	814.62	505.90	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH
辛安泉域	南流泉	384.93	319.41	Fe、Pb	429.00	213.00	无	431.73	281.02	无
延河泉域	延河泉	401.69	326.46	Fe	646.00	388.00	无	649.75	404.46	无
三姑泉域	郭壁泉	309.81	273.40	Pb	399.00	301.00	无	572.22	357.97	无
坪上泉域	水泉湾泉	221.66	189.24	无	332.00	202.00	无	362.15	228.94	无
水神堂泉域	水神堂泉	293.44	238.29	无	319.00	243.00	无	381.42	162.98	无
城头会泉域	大沙湖泉	225.74	184.32	Fe	246.00	194.00	NH$_4^{+}$	414.76	264.41	无
神头泉域	神头泉	349.78	252.49	无	294.00	243.00	无	455.11	262.70	无
马圈泉域	马圈泉	356.65	293.38	无	435.00	270.00	无	428.77	344.07	无
雷鸣寺泉域	雷鸣寺泉	316.00	231.23	无	389.00	246.00	无	385.50	249.95	无
兰村泉域	兰村水源地井	279.01	248.31	Pb	446.00	248.00	无	468.12	267.23	无
晋祠泉域	难老泉	598.19	443.63	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、Pb	937.00	588.00	TH、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	992.12	709.45	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH、TDS
洪山泉域	泉口附近岩溶井	562.77	438.56	Pb	646.00	416.00	无	700.61	475.44	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH
郭庄泉域	郭庄泉	598.66	450.58	TH	689.00	463.00	TH、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	754.62	508.07	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH
龙子祠泉域	龙子祠泉	709.99	538.76	TH、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、Pb	779.00	540.00	TH、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	899.95	592.68	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、TH
霍泉泉域	霍泉	438.36	367.54	Pb	458.00	321.00	无	487.43	319.32	无
古堆泉域	泉口附近岩溶井	790.27	435.54	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、F⁻、Pb	787.00	427.00	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、F⁻	634.12	273.39	无
柳林泉域	上青龙泉	449.35	295.99	Fe、Pb	451.00	265.00	无	603.32	294.53	无
天桥泉域	铁匠铺水源地井	395.79	282.07	Pb	342.00	254.00	Pb	426.20	229.88	无

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表 3 山西岩溶大泉主要超标项主要来源及形成机制

Table 3. Primary sources and formation mechanisms of non-compliant parameters in major karst springs of Shanxi

超标项	主要来源	形成机制
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	自然地质背景(石膏)、矿坑水、煤矿“老窑水”、煤矸石、工业污染	①某些泉域奥陶系地层含石膏夹层，天然溶解产生大量${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$。 ②黄铁矿氧化形成硫酸，不仅直接输入${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$，还溶蚀石膏。 ③煤矸石在地表经雨水淋滤，形成富含${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$的酸性渗滤液入渗。 ④SO₂气体溶解于雨水通过入渗补给岩溶地下水。
TH	自然地质背景(碳酸盐岩、石膏)、矿坑水、煤矿“老窑水”	①碳酸盐岩的溶解。 ②矿坑水或酸性“老窑水”与碳酸盐岩发生中和反应，释放大量 Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺。 ③石膏的溶解产生大量Ca²⁺。
TDS	自然地质背景、矿坑水、煤矿 “老窑水”、生活污染、工业污染、农业污染	①黄铁矿氧化形成硫酸，溶解大量矿物。 ②矿坑排水导致区域水位下降，引发上覆高矿化度裂隙水倒灌。 ③水岩作用时间延长导致离子富集。 ④其他污染源的输入
Fe、Mn、Pb	煤矸石、矿坑水、煤矿“老窑水”、工业污染	①煤矸石在地表经雨水淋滤，形成富含Fe、Mn和Pb的酸性渗滤液入渗。 ②煤层采空区围岩在酸性或氧化还原环境下含Fe、Mn和Pb矿物的溶解。 ③工矿企业（冶炼）的废水废气沉降输入。
F⁻	自然地质背景(含氟矿物)、工业污染	①干旱区强蒸发浓缩及含氟矿物溶解。 ②工矿污水渗漏以及废气沉降经降水入渗。
NH$_4^{+}$	农业污染、工业污染、生活污染	①农业氮肥的施用 ②工矿废水的输入污染 ③农村生活污水及垃圾渗滤液的输入污染。

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