矿山采动诱发陡立柱状溶蚀山体崩塌致灾过程

邓志南; 杨亮; 江兴元; 吴迪; 杨义; 王昌辉

doi:10.11932/karst2026y020

矿山采动诱发陡立柱状溶蚀山体崩塌致灾过程——以贵州一字岩崩塌为例

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y020

邓志南^1,,
杨亮^2, ,,
江兴元^{1, 3},
吴迪¹,
杨义^{1, 3},
王昌辉⁴

1.
贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
2.
贵州省地质环境监测院, 贵州贵阳 550000
3.
贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵州贵阳 550025
4.
贵州省地矿局第二工程勘察院有限公司, 贵州遵义 563000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年基金（42007271）；气候变化下贵州苗岭山脉传统乡村聚落山地致灾风险与绿色调控关键技术应用研究(黔科合支撑[2023]一般119) ；地下水渗透驱动下红层软岩劣化动力学与滑坡灾变预警（遵市科合支撑（2025）29号）;一种用于滑坡应急抢险的预制微型桩优化设计（黔科合基础QN（2025）002）

详细信息

作者简介:
邓志南(2000- )男，硕士研究生，主要从事地质灾害研究。E-mail：2742187792@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨亮（1984- ），男，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事边坡及地质灾害勘察设计工作。E-mail：2811247285@qq.com。

中图分类号: P642.22
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- 文章访问数: 31
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-12-27
- 录用日期: 2026-04-22
- 修回日期: 2026-03-18
- 网络出版日期: 2026-06-18

Disaster-causing process of steep columnar karst mountain collapse induced by mine mining -Taking Guizhou Yiziyan Collapse as an Example

DENG Zhinan^1
,,
YANG Liang^{2
, ,},
JIANG Xingyuan^{1, 3},
WU Di¹,
YANG Yi^{1, 3},
WANG Changhui⁴

1.
College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
2.
Guizhou Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Karst Geological and Environment(Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
4.
114 Geological Brigade of Guizhou Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Second Engineering Investigation Institute, Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Co., Ltd., Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China

摘要

摘要: 为揭示矿山采动作用下陡立柱状溶蚀山体的崩塌致灾机理，以贵州金沙县一字岩典型“上硬下软、上陡下缓”型崩塌体为研究对象，基于现场地质调查与室内岩石力学试验，采用底摩擦物理模拟试验，结合PhotoInfor数字照相系统对边坡变形与位移进行定量监测，系统分析多次采动下斜坡变形破坏全过程。结果表明：采动作用诱发斜坡变形呈现四阶段演化规律，初始卸荷与离层裂隙发育阶段采空区上方顶板发生卸荷回弹形成离层裂隙与冒落带，位移区域呈半月形分布且对坡表影响较小；覆岩整体沉降与坡表响应阶段顶板发生整体垮塌引起地表坡面明显下沉，覆岩变形持续加剧并延伸至坡顶区域；裂隙扩展与应力重分布阶段采动诱发顶板二次卸荷回弹，离层裂隙与冒落带进一步向上发育，促使坡顶原有溶蚀裂缝重新活动并扩展增宽；剪切破坏与倾倒崩塌阶段岩体底部压剪应力高度集中形成贯通剪切破坏面，坡表压剪破坏强烈，后缘拉裂持续加剧，最终陡立柱状危岩向临空面发生倾倒破坏。剪应变场演化显示开采过程中最大剪应变从初始1.2逐步增大至1.7，应力集中区从垮落带内部扩展至坡顶裂隙周边及多层采空区垂向重叠区域；本研究证实多次采动引起的覆岩累进性变形与应力重分布是控制柱状危岩失稳的关键机制，底摩擦试验结合数字图像测量技术能够有效揭示采动作用下"初始卸荷-覆岩沉降-裂隙扩展-剪切倾倒"的四阶段演化规律，明确了各阶段的变形特征及力学响应机制。
- 溶蚀裂隙 /
- 上硬下软 /
- 采动作用 /
- 底摩擦试验 /
- PhotoInfor
Abstract: To reveal the collapse disaster mechanism of steep columnar karst mountains under mining disturbance, this study taking a typical“hard-top, soft-bottom; steep-top, gentle-bottom” collapse body at Yiziyan, Jinsha County, Guizhou Province as the research object, systematically analyzes the entire deformation and failure process of the slope under multiple mining activities. It is based on field geological surveys and laboratory rock mechanics tests, conducting bottom friction physical simulation experiments, combined with PhotoInfor digital imaging system for quantitative monitoring of slope deformation and displacement. The results indicate that slope deformation caused by mining disturbance presents a four evolution stages pattern. During the initial unloading and joint development phase, unloading rebound occurs in the roof above the goaf, forming joint zones and collapse bands. The displacement areas shows a crescent-shaped distribution and has a relatively minimal impact on the slope surface. At the overburden overall subsidence and slope surface response stage, the overall collapse of roof causes significant subsidence of the surface slope, the deformation of overburden continues to intensify and extends to the slope crest area. In the fissure expansion and stress redistribution stage, mining induces secondary roof unloading rebound, causing the joint zones and collapse bands to develop further upward, promoting this reactivates and widens existing dissolution fissures at the slope crest. During shear failure and overturning collapse stage, the compressive shear stresses at the bottom of the rock mass is highly concentrated to form a continuous shear failure plane. The slope surface experiences intense compressive shear failure, with rear-edge tensile fractures progressively worsening. Ultimately, the steep inclined columnar unstable rock masses collapses toward the open face. The evolution of the shear strain field indicates that the maximum shear strain during mining process gradually increases from an initial value of 1.2 to 1.7. The stress concentration zone expands from within the collapse zone to the vicinity of the slope top fractures and the vertically overlapping regions of multiple mining voids. This study has confirmed that progressive deformation and stress redistribution of the overburden caused by multiple mining activities are the key mechanisms controlling the instability of columnar rock masses. The bottom friction combined with digital image measurement technology can effectively reveal the four-stage evolution pattern-“initial unloading- overburden overall subsidence - fissure expansion -shear overturning”-under mining influence, clarifying the deformation characteristics and mechanical response mechanisms at each stage.
- dissolution fissures /
- hard top and soft bottom /
- mining-induced effect /
- base friction test /
- PhotoInfor

HTML

图 1 一字岩崩塌概况图

Figure 1. Geological plan of Yiziyan and distribution map of mined-out areas

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图 2 一字岩崩塌剖面图

Figure 2. Cross-sectional diagram of the Yiziyan landslide

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图 3 底摩擦物理模拟试验示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a physical simulation test for bottom friction

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图 4 一字岩崩塌概化模型示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of a simplified model of a rockfall at Yiziyan

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图 5 底摩擦试验变形破坏过程

Figure 5. Deformation and failure process of bottom friction test

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图 6 斜坡典型监测点位移变化曲线

Figure 6. Displacement change curve for a typical monitoring point on a slope

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图 7 最大剪应变场

Figure 7. Maximum shear strain field

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图 8 一字岩崩塌变形破坏示意图

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of collapse deformation and failure of the Yiziyan collapse

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 各岩石力学强度试验结果统计表

Table 1. Statistics of rock mechanical strength test results

岩性	重度（KN/m³）	抗压/MPa	抗拉/MPa	C /MPa	ψ/（°）
灰岩	26.86	94.06	1.72	11.89	39.08
砂岩	26.74	48.98	4.80	15.83	37.13
泥岩	25.35	40.06	2.35	3.42	40.85
煤岩	17.64	20.38	0.90	1.99	24.65

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表 2 相似材料配比方案

Table 2. Similar material mixing ratios

岩性	相似材料百分比/%	重度（KN/m³）	C / KPa	ψ/ （°）
灰岩	重晶石粉:石英砂(30-50目) : 石蜡油 65：11：24	25.43	21.4	36.2
砂岩	重晶石粉:石英砂(100目) : 石蜡油 60：9：31	26.35	14.58	35.87
泥岩	重晶石粉:石英砂(100目) : 石蜡油 59：11：30	25.32	7.44	38.54
煤岩	重晶石粉:膨润土: 石蜡油 79：11：10	18.26	3.89	25.58

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