Leakage analysis and remediation measures for typical karst reservoirs with structural deficiencies in Guangxi
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摘要: 岩溶渗漏是广西水库面临的核心工程难题，轻则导致水库功能衰减，重则引发运行失效，严重威胁区域水利安全。文章基于广西典型岩溶病险水库资料，系统分析区内水库岩溶渗漏的控制因素、渗漏类型及形成机制。结果表明：广西岩溶水库渗漏主要分为构造渗漏、接触面渗漏与地下河管道渗漏三类，其发育与分布受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造及水动力条件的多因素耦合控制，而岩溶发育的结构特征与强烈程度是决定渗漏类型、规模及渗漏强度的关键因素。结合典型案例深入剖析发现，不同类型渗漏通道的形成机制存在显著差异：构造渗漏受断裂、褶皱等构造格局主导，形成深部定向延伸的复合渗漏网络；接触面渗漏依托可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带的差异溶蚀与构造剥离发育，呈层控性分布；地下河管道渗漏则是岩溶裂隙经长期“溶蚀–渗流”正反馈作用贯通形成的成熟型渗漏模式。针对岩溶渗漏通道隐蔽性强、形态复杂、常伴生高压动水的特点，传统帷幕灌浆、铺盖、堵洞及截渗等技术已难以满足高效防渗需求。因此，需推广低扰动生态堵漏、高精度智能注浆等新型技术，选用长效抗溶蚀复合材料，攻克隐蔽性管道渗漏实时监测与自修复材料等关键技术；构建“地质条件精准识别—渗流动态智能调控—靶向封堵技术适配”的全链条岩溶渗漏防控体系，为广西岩溶区水库安全运维提供一体化技术解决方案。Abstract:
Karst leakage poses a critical engineering challenge to the safety and functionality of reservoirs in Guangxi, potentially leading to water loss, reduced performance, or even operational failure. Based on 50 typical cases from Guangxi, this study analyzes the controlling factors, main types, formation mechanisms, and mitigation strategies for karst reservoir leakage. The study aims to establish a typology-based analytical framework to enhance the understanding of leakage mechanisms and to provide reference for engineering remediation. The study shows that karst reservoir leakage in Guangxi can be classified into three main categories: tectonic leakage, contact-surface leakage, and underground conduit leakage. The development and distribution of leakage are jointly controlled by geomorphology, lithology, geological structures, and hydrodynamic conditions. The specific characteristics and intensity of karst development play a crucial role in determining the type, scale, and severity of leakage. In-depth analysis of typical cases indicates significant differences in the formation mechanisms of each leakage types: (1) Tectonic leakage is controlled by deep-seated structural discontinuities, such as faults, resulting in deep, anisotropic seepage networks. (2) Contact-surface leakage occurs through differential dissolution and structural detachment along the interface between soluble and insoluble rocks, exhibiting a strata-bound distribution. (3) Underground conduit leakage comprises well-connected concentrated conduit systems formed by the long-term positive feedback between dissolution and seepage. Given the concealed nature, complex morphology, and often high-pressure dynamic groundwater associated with karst leakage pathways, traditional mitigation techniques-such as curtain grouting, impervious blankets, conduit plugging, and cut-off walls-are often inadequate for efficient leakage control. Remediation measures must be specifically tailored to the type of leakage. For tectonic leakage, a combination of deep curtain grouting for interception and surface blanketing for sealing is typically required. For contact-surface leakage, physical interception using deep cutoff walls combined with grouting for reinforcement is a common and effective method. For underground conduit leakage, which is characterized by large flow rates and high velocity, specialized techniques that resist to high-velocity erosion, along with integrated "grouting-plugging-intercepting" strategies-such as bag grouting and quick-set pastes-are necessary. Traditional anti-leakage technologies face limitations when addressing high-pressure, large-flow conduit leakage, including issues such as grout being easily washed away, significant impact on the dam structures, and insufficient durability. Therefore, future remediation work should adopt a more refined approach. During the investigation phase, combining high-precision geophysical surveys with numerical modeling can more accurately determine the location and geometry of leakage pathways. During the construction phase, the use of new environmentally friendly materials, such as polymer grout and bio-cement, is recommended, as these materials have lower environmental impact and greater durability. Furthermore, by employing IoT-based monitoring and intelligent analysis, a leakage prevention and control system encompassing the stages of "precise detection, dynamic regulation, and targeted sealing" can be established. This approach aims to achieve precise responses and long-term effective control of karst leakage pathways. -
图 1 地质构造对北弓水库（a）和独山水库（b）渗漏影响示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the impact of geological formations on leakage in Beigong reservoir (a) and Dushan reservoir (b)
图 2 地质构造对岜蒙水库渗漏影响示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the impact of geological formations on leakage in Bameng reservoir
图 3 易家水库地质条件示意图
（a.卫星平面图，b.剖面图）
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of geological conditions in Yijia reservoir
(a.Satellite map,b.Cross-section map)
图 4 金龙水库岩溶渗漏条件示意图
（a.卫星平面图，b.剖面图）
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of karst leakage conditions in Jinlong reservoir
(a.Satellite map, b.Cross-section map)
图 5 洛潭水库岩溶渗漏条件示意图
（a.卫星平面图，b.剖面图）
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of karst leakage conditions in Luotan reservoir
(a.Satellite map, b.Cross-section map)
图 6 洛潭水库防渗施工示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of leakage control treatment in Luotan reservoir
图 7 大潭水库防渗施工示意图
（a.坝基地质剖面示意图，b.坝基右端帷幕灌浆示意图，c.坝基左端截水墙防渗示意图，d.右岸渗漏区黏土铺盖范围示意图，e.黏土铺盖剖面示意图）
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of leakage control treatment in Datan reservoir
(a.Geological cross-section of the dam foundation, b.Curtain grouting at the right abutment, c.Cut-off wall at the left abutment, d.Extent of the clay blanket in the right-bank seepage zone, e.Cross-section of the clay blanket)
图 8 拉希水电站坝基固结灌浆防渗处理示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of consolidation grouting of dam foundation for leakage control treatment in Laxi Hydropower station, Hechi
图 9 岭蒙水库防渗处理示意图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of leakage control treatment in Lingmeng reservoir
图 10 曹塘里水库堵塞漏斗示意图
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of doline plugging in Caotangli reservoir
图 11 东边弄水库防渗示意图
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of leakage control treatment in Dongbiannong reservoir
图 12 定农水库防渗处理示意图
（a.地质平面图，b.剖面图）
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of leakage control treatment in Dingnong reservoir
(a.Geological map, b.Cross-section map)
表 1 广西部分岩溶渗漏病险水库列表
Table 1. List of some reservoirs with karst leakage in Guangxi
序号 水库名称 地形地貌 地层 岩性 构造 河谷
形态基岩渗透性 渗漏部位 渗漏原因 渗漏
程度1 百色市靖西县大龙潭
水库峰林谷地 D3—C1 灰岩和白云质
灰岩断层“X”交错 横 强 库区及坝基 库区及坝基断层、节理裂隙纵横交错、岩溶发育、大坝基岩溶蚀严重 较强 2 百色市靖西县岜蒙水库 峰林谷地 D3—C1 硅质灰岩、灰岩、白云岩 顺河断层、渠洋背斜 纵 较强 库区、坝基 顺河断层与背斜轴部走向平行 轻微 3 百色市德保县多旁水库 峰丛洼地 D3r
C1yt灰岩 F5、F6压性断裂和F22、F23张扭性断裂，次级断层f1~f5 斜 强 库岸、库底 节理裂隙交错，岩溶发育 轻微 4 百色市德保县念诺水库 峰丛谷地 D3r 灰岩、白云质
灰岩无断层、节理发育、岩溶发育 斜 强 库区 节理裂隙交错，管道渗漏与库外连通 一般 5 百色市乐业县达坡寨
水库峰丛谷地 D3 灰岩 断层“X”交错 纵 强 库区、坝基 断层交错、岩溶发育，网状集中渗漏 一般 6 崇左市龙州县金龙水库 岩溶槽谷 D2d
D3r灰岩、白云质
灰岩NW、NE、NNE向断裂破碎带 纵 强 主坝右肩管道渗漏 主坝渗漏区处在构造破碎带中，右肩集中管道渗漏和主坝坝下渗漏 一般 7 崇左市天等县伏漫水库 峰丛谷地 C2 硅质条带灰岩 宁干向斜轴部附近；旁侧伴生次级小断层 纵 较强 坝基 原河床砂砾层的存在，盖层破坏 轻微 8 崇左市天等县派钦水库 峰林谷地 C2 硅质条带灰岩 坝首南150 m见宽20 m的NWW向张性断层 纵 较强 坝首 旧河床砂砾层及断层破碎带 轻微 9 崇左市扶绥县客兰水库 峰丛洼地 T1l
P2h灰岩、泥灰岩夹泥岩 坝址区在东罗断裂与岜香断裂之间断块；3组裂隙较发育 横 较强 坝体、坝基、溢洪道 坝基基岩浅部5 m内风化等因素影响，透水率较大 轻微 10 贵港市港南区岭蒙水库 溶蚀洼地 D3 灰岩夹白云质灰岩和泥灰岩 无断层、节理发育、岩溶发育 斜 较强 坝前 坝前库内3条大石缝和漏水洞、取土破坏盖层 轻微 11 贵港市港南区岜通水库 溶蚀谷地 C1-2 白云岩、白云质灰岩、灰岩 顺河断层 斜 强 库区、坝基 顺河断层、岩溶塌陷 强 12 贵港市覃塘区马班水库 低山丘陵 T1 灰岩 EW向断层被NS向断层错断 斜 强 库区 断层带岩溶塌陷 一般 13 贵港市覃塘区清凌水库 溶蚀谷地 C1 灰岩、白云岩 无断层、节理发育、岩溶发育 斜 较强 库区 间歇落水洞，顺层岩溶通道流向下游 轻微 14 桂林市全州县弄岩水库 溶蚀谷地 D3l 砂页岩、灰岩 新构造运动 纵 强 左岸 岩溶管道交叉，断层控制 一般 15 桂林市全州县易家水库 峰丛谷地 C1d 灰岩、泥质灰岩 顺河断层 纵 强 坝基 坝基下有断层顺河通过 轻微 16 桂林市全州县洛潭水库 峰丛谷地 C1d 灰岩、泥质灰岩 近SN向白石断裂和NE向桂林—来宾断裂 纵 强 东岸及库底 东岸及库底存在近南北向串珠状塌陷；库坝外侧下游有两处岩溶通道 较强 17 桂林市永福县金鸡河
水库岩溶平原–陇岗 D3l
D2d灰岩夹白云岩、白云质灰岩、泥质灰岩 测区NW向构造体系发育 纵 强 坡脚、库内放水口外侧 库底岩溶塌陷或渗漏天窗 轻微 18 桂林市永福县华山水库 峰丛谷地 D3 白云岩、白云质灰岩 单斜构造；NWW及NNE断裂交错；张扭性节理裂隙 纵 强 坝基及坝肩渗漏 浅层基岩岩溶发育；坝基3条集中渗漏带 一般 19 桂林市永福县东边弄
水库溶蚀洼地 D3 硅质灰岩、灰岩 库底落水洞发育 斜 强 库区 库底落水洞漏失 强 20 桂林市阳朔县马水水库 峰丛谷地 D3r 灰岩 NW向顺河断裂发育 斜 强 库区、坝基 NW向顺河断裂发育，形成良好岩溶通道 较强 21 河池市宜州区里洞水库 峰丛谷地 P1q 灰岩 无断层、节理
发育斜 较强 坝基 未对堵体地基进行处理，清基不彻底 轻微 22 河池市宜州区拉洞水库 溶蚀洼地 C1 灰岩 背斜、断层错断 斜 强 库区、堵体 堵塞地下河出口成库，落水洞堵塞不彻底 轻微 23 河池市大化县大化水库 峰丛洼地 D—P 灰岩，白云岩夹白云质灰岩 广西山字型构造前弧西翼中南段，总体走向为NW 纵 强 库区 岩溶发育，裂隙性渗漏 一般 24 河池市河池县拔贡水
电站峰林谷地 C2h 灰岩，隧石条带灰岩、白云质
灰岩顺河断层 纵 强 坝基 岩溶管道上下游贯通、未彻底清基和防渗 较强 25 河池市宜州区下河水库 溶蚀残丘 C1 灰岩 无断层、节理
发育斜 强 坝基 残丘与坝体结合部位形成坝下
漏水较强 26 河池市宜州区土桥水库 溶蚀残丘 P1m 灰岩 无断层、节理
发育横 强 坝基 残丘与坝体结合部位严重渗漏 较强 27 河池市河池县下桥水
电站峰丛洼地 D3—
C1灰岩 新构造运动 纵 一般 库区 新构造运动抬升、多期溶洞层，1~2层溶洞位于蓄水位以下 一般 28 河池市罗城县白坝水库 峰丛洼地 C1 灰岩夹钙质
页岩顺河断层 纵 强 库区、坝基 顺河断层，沿断层和层面渗漏 一般 29 贺州市富川县东山水库 低山丘陵 C1y 灰岩、泥灰岩、
隧石灰岩断层、串珠状落水洞 斜 强 大坝右肩 大坝右肩灰岩裂隙发育、岩层走向垂直坝轴、串珠状落水洞发育 轻微 30 贺州市富川县油沐水库 峰林洼地 D3r 灰岩和白云质
灰岩无断层、节理
发育斜 强 坝脚 距坝脚2 m泉点，后主坝右外坡
塌陷一般 31 贺州市富川县金田水库 低山丘陵 C1y 灰岩、泥灰岩、
隧石灰岩大角度张性断层、小型向斜 斜
<30°强 主坝 溶洞造成塌陷 一般 32 贺州市富川县曹塘里
水库峰林洼地 D3r 灰岩夹泥质灰岩和白云质灰岩 无断层、节理发育、岩溶发育 斜 较强 坝轴线3 m坝内坡 坝轴线3 m处坝内坡塌陷漏斗 轻微 33 贺州市昭平县营盘水库 溶蚀谷地 D2d 灰岩、砂页岩 无断层、节理
发育斜 强 坝基、左岸 岩溶发育、落水洞与水平溶洞
相通较强 34 贺州市钟山县万有水库 峰林洼地 D3r 灰岩 灰岩与花岗岩断层性接触 斜 强 库区 岩溶发育；地下河堵体渗漏 较强 35 来宾市忻城县内胆水库 峰林洼地 C2h 白云岩夹白云质灰岩 大明山构造区，呈NW向；测区内有6条断层通过 纵 强 库底、库岸 库底，落水洞渗漏汇入库外；库岸，库水位抬高，通过溶隙孔洞、节理裂隙、断层破碎带等向库外渗漏 较强 36 来宾市忻城县板寻水库 峰林谷地 C1 灰岩含燧石结核 处于大塘向斜的末端 横 强 库区 岩溶发育，地下水位低，水位变幅大 较强 37 来宾市兴宾区陈寺水库 峰林洼地 C2h 灰岩、白云质
灰岩无断层、节理发育、单斜构造 斜
<30°一般 坝基 坝基岩溶洞隙发育；施工清基不彻底 轻微 38 来宾市兴宾区三利水库 峰林谷地
溶蚀平原P1m+q 灰岩 单斜；NE和NW向断裂交错穿越库区，地质构造复杂 纵 强 库区 断层“X”交错、岩溶强烈发育 轻微 39 来宾市兴宾区上苏水库 峰林洼地 C3 灰岩和白云质
灰岩塘圩向斜轴部南端，东翼倾角平缓；SN、NE和NW向断裂发育 斜
70°~80°强 库区 溶洞沿断层带呈线状分布，通往下游或邻谷；库区地势较高，邻近有低谷，地下水位埋藏较深 较强 40 柳州市柳城县老苗水库 峰丛洼地 C 灰岩夹白云岩 无断层、节理发育、岩溶发育 纵 强 库内近坝首 岩溶发育（溶洞） 轻微 41 柳州市柳城县独山水库 峰林谷地
残丘平原C2-3 灰岩和白云岩 单斜构造，岩层倾向南西，倾角平缓；NE向高角度逆断层 斜 强 坝体、坝基 溶洞未进行很好的处理；浆砌石重力坝施工质量较差 轻微 42 柳州市柳城县安乐水库 峰林谷地 C 灰岩 无断层、节理
发育斜 强 坝基 坝址泉眼未处理，坝外坡塌陷 轻微 43 柳州市柳江区里团水库 峰林谷地
残丘平原C2h
P灰岩夹隧石结核 向斜轴部，有SN向和NE向断裂交叉通过库区 斜 较强 坝外坡脚 沿断层及节理溶沟、溶槽及小型溶洞发育 轻微 44 柳州市柳江区二龙水库 峰丛洼地 C3 灰岩，隧石结核灰岩、白云质
灰岩向斜构造，坝址右岸NE向断层，倾向NW；NW-SE向和近EW向节理发育，多为垂直状 纵 强 库区 库区岩溶洞穴强烈发育，地势较高，地下水位埋藏较深 较强 45 来宾市武宣县平田水库 峰林谷地 C1 灰岩夹白云质
灰岩SN向及NW向构造断裂，节理裂隙相当发育 斜 较强 坝内坡脚 库区岩溶发育，坝首建在廊道式地下溶洞之上 轻微 46 南宁市上林县东敢水库 低山丘陵 C1y 含硅灰岩夹硅
质岩NW断层、节理
发育纵 较强 坝肩、坝基及坝体 绕坝裂隙–溶洞渗漏 轻微 47 南宁市上林县大龙洞
水库峰丛洼地 C
P灰岩 大明山背斜和乔贤向斜，3条断层和4条节理密
集带斜 强 库首 贴坡填土出现塌陷、落水洞 轻微 48 南宁市马山县大潭水库 峰丛洼地 P1m 灰岩 顺河张性断层 纵 强 坝基、坝肩 断层破碎带渗漏通道 轻微 49 南宁市隆安县定农水库 峰林谷地 D2-3
C1y硅质灰岩、灰岩 NE断层、节理
发育斜 强 库区 库区底部落水洞发育 强 50 玉林市兴业县长冲水库 低山丘陵 D1y 泥岩夹泥质灰岩 无断层、裂隙
发育斜 一般 坝顶、下游
坝坡坝顶路面裂缝 轻微 注：部分数据来自参考文献[19]—[26]，收集整理。 
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