南方岩溶区大气水、地表水和地下水转化特征及监测评价方法

王宇

doi:10.11932/karst2026y005

南方岩溶区大气水、地表水和地下水转化特征及监测评价方法

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y005

王宇^{1, 2,}

1.
中国地质调查局昆明自然资源综合调查中心, 云南昆明 650111
2.
云南省地质调查局, 云南昆明 650051

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目课题（2016YFC0502502）；国家地下水监测网运维（DD20251300116）

详细信息

作者简介:
王宇（1960－），男，博士，教授级高级工程师（二级），主要从事水工环、灾害和生态地质研究。E-mail：ynddywy@163.com

中图分类号: P641;P332;P49
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- 文章访问数: 10
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-10-09
- 录用日期: 2025-12-30
- 修回日期: 2025-12-26
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-24

Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions

WANG Yu^{1, 2
,}

1.
Kunming Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Kunming 650111, China
2.
Yunnan Geological Survey, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China

摘要

摘要: 我国大气水、地表水、地下水单项监测系统跻身国际领先行列，但“三水”转化环节的监测评价较薄弱，成为水资源一体化调查评价的短板。本文通过资料收集整理与综合研究，分析论述了南方岩溶区深切峡谷流域、浅切宽谷流域、山间盆地流域的“三水”转化特征，以及转化过程和关键界面。系统阐述了监测站点布局、监测评价原则与方法。研究指出，“三水”转化监测布局需兼顾共性与差异性，深切峡谷流域应重点加强沟谷控制下的快速转化过程监测；浅切宽谷流域应强化地表与地下交织的反复转化过程监测；山间盆地流域应重点关注边缘输入、内部交替、盆底输出的转化过程监测。“三水”转化监测评价应融合传统与现代方法，推广应用新技术，因各类方法均有优劣，实践中需组合使用、相互校验，以弥补单一方法的局限。
- 地表水流域 /
- 地下水系统 /
- “三水”转化 /
- 动态监测 /
- 水资源评价
Abstract: New demands in natural resource management, ecological environment protection, and integrated water resource investigation and assessment have driven research on the transformation characteristics and monitoring-evaluation methods of the "three waters" (atmospheric water, surface water, and groundwater) in the karst areas of southern China. The research trends are mainly manifested in four aspects: (1) Focus on the conditions of complex underlying surfaces and heterogeneous media, and combine regional geographical and climatic factors to deepen the exploration of regional-scale "three waters" transformation conditions; (2) Strengthen hydrogeological surveys, experiments, and monitoring of the spatial structure, hydrodynamic properties, and transformation processes of transformation boundaries, so as to clarify the mechanisms and laws of "three waters" transformation at the boundaries; 3) Conduct comprehensive multi-scale and multi-factor studies to reveal transformation patterns and their interrelationships, take into account regional and ecosystem differences, and construct more targeted and universal models; (4) Develop automated and intelligent monitoring equipment, enhance data analysis, and improve cross-departmental data sharing mechanisms.Guided by the theory of systems science, and based on the principles of hydrology, hydraulics, hydrogeology, groundwater dynamics, as well as the technologies and methods for water resource investigation and assessment, this paper sorts out the research trends of "three waters" transformation monitoring, analyzes the "three waters" transformation characteristics of different watershed types, and summarizes the monitoring contents, station layout, and evaluation principles and methods through the collection, collation, and comprehensive study of literature. It forms a systematic review to provide references for the practice of integrated water resource investigation and assessment and related research.Watershed geomorphology, as the dominant factor controlling the direction, path, and speed of water flow, directly affects the "three waters" transformation process and determines its basic characteristics. Therefore, the classification of watershed geomorphic forms is a prerequisite for the analysis of "three waters" transformation characteristics. Combined with the results of regional hydrogeological surveys, the main types of watershed geomorphic forms in the karst areas of southern China can be summarized into three categories: deeply incised canyon watersheds, shallowly incised wide-valley watersheds, and intermontane basin watersheds.The key interfaces for "three waters" transformation in the karst areas of southern China are complex and diverse, mainly including: the surface underlying surface and vadose zone, which are the initial interfaces for precipitation transformation; springs, spring groups, or diffuse discharge zones where aquifers (zones) are exposed; The groundwater-surface water interaction zone beneath and on both sides of surface water bodies such as gullies, riverbeds, lakes, and wetlands; and sinking stream inlets and underground river outlets unique to karst areas. Different from the planar geometric interfaces in the distribution areas of layered porous aquifers in alluvial plains, these interfaces have more complex forms.The monitoring layout for "three waters" transformation shall follow the principles of full-process monitoring, key point enhancement, and systematic correlation. Specifically, it is necessary to arrange monitoring stations throughout the process from the runoff generation area, recharge area, runoff area to the discharge and confluence area; densify monitoring points at the key interfaces of "three waters" transformation and areas affected by human activities; and construct a complete spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring system for "three waters" transformation through synchronous multi-factor monitoring at stations. Meanwhile, the monitoring layout shall take into account the differences in "three waters" transformation characteristics of different watershed types: for deeply incised canyon watersheds, monitoring of the rapid transformation process under gully control shall be strengthened based on the characteristics of vertical gradients and linear confluence; for shallowly incised wide-valley watersheds, monitoring of the double-layer runoff process with interwoven surface and groundwater shall be enhanced in combination with the characteristics of the karst diversion network system; for intermontane basin watersheds, aiming at the characteristics of layered structure and clear zoning, monitoring shall focus on the transformation processes of edge input, internal alternation, and basin bottom output.The monitoring and evaluation methods for "three waters" transformation are characterized by the combination of traditional and modern methods, and the promotion and application of modern new technologies and methods show a strong momentum. Since all types of methods have limitations as well as advantages and disadvantages, different methods need to be used in combination in practice to make up for the defects of a single method through mutual inspection and verification.
- surface water watershed /
- groundwater system /
- "three waters" transformation /
- dynamic monitoring /
- water resource assessment

HTML

图 1 深切峡谷流域景观及水流路径示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the landscape and water flow path of the deep canyon watershed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 浅切宽谷流域景观及水流路径示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the landscape and water flow path of the shallow-cut wide valley watershed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 山间盆地流域景观及水流路径示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the landscape and water flow path of the intermountain basin watershed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 岩溶流域“三水”转化监测基本工作量表

Table 1. Basic work scale for monitoring the transformation of "three waters" in karst watershed （单位：个/100 km²）

流域类型	调查精度	气象站	水文站	地下水监测点
深切峡谷流域	1∶250000	0.03-0.05	0.05-0.1	0.05-0.1
深切峡谷流域	1∶50000	0.3-0.5	0.5-1.0	0.5-1.0
浅切宽谷流域	1∶250000	0.01-0.03	0.1-0.2	0.1-0.3
浅切宽谷流域	1∶50000	0.1-0.3	1.0-3.0	2.0-4.0
山间盆地流域	1∶250000	0.02-0.04	0.03-0.1	0.1-0.2
山间盆地流域	1∶50000	0.2-0.4	0.5-2.0	1.0-3.0

下载: 导出CSV

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