单斜构造煤层采空区降雨淋滤渗流作用下重金属污染物迁移模拟试验

袁国宇; 覃荣高; 谢一鸣; 吴莹莹; 李泳; 王刚; 程芳玲

doi:10.11932/karst20260302

单斜构造煤层采空区降雨淋滤渗流作用下重金属污染物迁移模拟试验

doi: 10.11932/karst20260302

袁国宇^1,,
覃荣高^{1, 2, ,},
谢一鸣¹,
吴莹莹¹,
李泳¹,
王刚¹,
程芳玲¹

1.
昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 云南昆明 650031
2.
自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室, 云南昆明 650228

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42167052, 42267063）；云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”青年人才项目（KKXX202421024）

详细信息

作者简介:
袁国宇（2000－），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为地下水污染治理。E-mail：3962629217@qq.com

通讯作者:
覃荣高（1982－），男，副教授，主要从事地下水污染物迁移模拟方面的研究。E-mail：1871012661@qq.com。

中图分类号: X131
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-10-17
- 录用日期: 2026-03-11
- 修回日期: 2026-03-11
- 刊出日期: 2026-06-25

Migration simulation of heavy metal pollutants in goaf of monoclinic coal seam under rainfall leaching and seepage

1.
Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, MNR, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China

摘要

摘要: 文章基于云南某历史遗留煤矿采空区典型单斜构造水文地质条件特征，通过室内渗流与示踪迁移模拟试验和数值模拟相结合的方法，探讨单斜构造裂隙优势流和采空区降雨入渗淋滤强度对煤矿区浸出重金属特征污染物迁移的影响机制。结果表明：近距离煤层回填下煤层裂隙优势流加速了重金属Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺污染物的迁移扩散及积累效应，塌陷区陷落漏斗的存在加速了重金属污染羽状物的迁移。长期迁移模型中，在单斜裂隙优势流的作用下，重金属污染羽状物向下迁移的时间比自然迁移提前了8 a，而水平迁移的距离增加了29.85 m。在塌陷采空区的影响下，重金属污染羽状物向上迁移扩散的距离增加了9.65 m。
- 酸性矿山废水 /
- 单斜构造 /
- 优势流 /
- 陷落漏斗 /
- 污染物迁移
Abstract: This study takes the typical coal mining area of Dongshan town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province as the study area. As a representative region of karst landforms in Southwest China, the study area features dense distribution of coal seams and non-ferrous metal minerals. The karst pipelines-fracture networks are intertwined, resulting in an extremely complex karst groundwater systems. The strata in the study area exhibit an overall monoclinic structure, with rock formations oriented at 27°∠9° and strata sloping toward the northeast, forming a typical monoclinic hydrogeological structure. Continuous seepage of Acidic Mine Wastewater (AMD), caused by rainfall infiltration and leaching, has servely polluted both surface water and groundwater in the region. Consequently, this area among the most heavily polluted groundwater zones in the karst region in Southwest China, and tracing the source of groundwater pollution remains challenging.The purpose of this study was to conduct an in-depth analysis of the dominant flow activities within monoclinic hydrogeological structures in coal mine goafs under the influence of rainfall, as well as to investigate the migration mechanism of heavy metal pollutants in groundwater. The research primarily focused on: (1) The effects of dominant flow and fracture development on the migration rate of heavy metals in the goaf; (2) The influence of the collapse funnels on the migration direction and distance of heavy metals. By combining laboratory seepage tests with numerical simulation method, both an experimental sandbox model and a numerical goaf model were developed. Four experimental conditions were established in the indoor sandbox experiment: T1 simulated the natural leaching of coal gangue exposed to rainfall in an open-air environment; T2 simulated the migration of heavy metals driven by dominant flow within the goaf. T3 simulated the migration of heavy metals following roof collapse in the goaf; and T4 simulated the migration of heavy metals in naturally buried coal gangue strata under rainfall. The sandbox was filled with soil and coal gangue from a goaf coal mine in Dongshan town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province. Leachate obtained through static leaching supplemented the dominant flow, and changes in the concentrations of Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were reflected throughout the process. Additionally, to further simulate the long-term migration behavior of elevated concentrations of Mn²⁺ in goaf strata, the numerical model was employed to represent the migration of heavy metals in monoclinic tectonic strata by setting different working conditions and using the porous medium dilute mass transfer equation and Richards equation.The results of the sandbox experiment show that the dominant flow through the middle and lower fractures of the backfill of the close coal seam significantly enhances the migration, diffusion and accumulation of Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺. Additionally, the presence of the overlying soil layer in the T3 experiment causes the hysteresis of Mn²⁺ release. Numerical simulation results directly show that the collapse funnel in the collapse area accelerates the migration of Mn²⁺ pollution plumes, with the collapse of the goaf increasing the migration distance of Mn²⁺ by 9.65 m. Moreover, the dominant flow within the monoclinic structure after leaching shortens the downward migration period of Mn²⁺ by 8 years and extends the horizontal migration distance by 29.85 m. Mn²⁺ released from coal seam #6 penetrated the strata horizontally and reached surface rivers within 15 years, shortening the migration period by 10 years. Furthermore, after the collapse of the goaf, the upward migration and diffusion distance of Mn²⁺ increased by 9.65 m, indicating that the collapse funnel provides an favorable channel for the upward migration of Mn²⁺.The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The presence of dominant flow in monoclinic goaf generates acidic mine wastewater faster than fracture flow, resulting in the heavy metal Mn²⁺ to more readily contribute to regional groundwater pollution through dominant diffusion in the aquifer of the karst area in Southwest China. (2) The existence of collapse funnels in the monoclinic goaf facilitates the rapid upward migration of heavy metal Mn²⁺, which further leads to surface water pollution. (3) Long-term simulation results show that acidic mine wastewater in the goaf creates a low-concentration area of Mn²⁺ near the dominant flow side of the downward rock strata of the goaf under the action of dominant flow.
- Acidic Mine Wasterwater /
- monoclinic structure /
- preferential flow /
- collapse funnel /
- pollutant migration

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图 1 研究区概况

（a.云南某煤矿采空区典型单斜构造煤层分布区地表水–地下水流向图，其中箭头表示水体流向；b.区域地表陷落漏斗情况；c.酸性矿山废水顺岩层流出图；d.煤层产状图；e.径流流量测量图）

Figure 1. Overview of the study area

(a.Flow direction map of surface water-groundwater in an distribution area of the coal seam in a typical monoclinic structure in a coal mine goaf in Yunnan, with the arrow indicating the water flow direction, b.Regional surface collapse funnel, c.Outflow diagram of acid mine wastewater along the rock layer, d.Map of the coal seam occurrence, e.Measurement chart of runoff flow)

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图 2 室内实验机理图

（a.室内沙箱；b.实验地表塌陷情况；c.静态淋溶实验；d.动态淋溶T1实验示意图；e.动态淋溶T2实验示意图；f.动态淋溶T3实验示意图；g.动态淋溶T4实验示意图）

Figure 2. Mechanism diagram of indoor experiment

(a.Indoor sandbox, b.Experimental surface collapse, c.Static leaching experiment, d.Schematic diagram of the dynamic leaching in T1 experiment, e.Schematic diagram of the dynamic leaching in T2 experiment, f.Schematic diagram of the dynamic leaching in T3 experiment, g.Schematic diagram of the dynamic leaching in T4 experiment)

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图 3 COMSOL模型参数图

Figure 3. Parameter diagram of COMSOL Model

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图 4 Mn²⁺浓度变化图

（a.T1实验Mn²⁺浓度变化；b.T2实验Mn²⁺浓度变化；c.T3实验Mn²⁺浓度变化；d.T4实验Mn²⁺浓度变化；C3-1为C3层上部）

Figure 4. Variations in Mn²⁺ concentrations

(a.Variation in T1 experiment, b.Variation in T2 experiment, c.Variation in T3 experiment, d.Variation in T4 experiment, with C3-1 denoting the upper section of the C3 layer)

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图 5 Zn²⁺浓度变化图

（a.T1实验Zn²⁺浓度变化；b.T2实验Zn²⁺浓度变化；c.T3实验Zn²⁺浓度变化；d.T4实验Zn²⁺浓度变化；C3-1为C3层上部）

Figure 5. Variation in Zn²⁺ concentrations

(a.Variation in T1 experiment, b.Variation in T2 experiment, c.Variation in T3 experiment, d. Variation in T4 experiment, with C3-1 denoting the upper section of the C3 layer)

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图 6 pH变化图

（a.T1实验pH变化；b.T2实验pH变化；c.T3实验pH变化；d.T4实验pH变化；C3-1为C3层上部）

Figure 6. Variation in pH values

(a.Variation in T1 experiment, b.Variation in T2 experiment, c.Variation in T3 experiment, d. Variation in T4 experiment, with C3-1 denoting the upper section of the C3 layer)

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图 7 实验表征与粒径分布图

（a.淋溶前煤矸石SEM图；b.淋溶后煤矸石SEM图；c.淋溶前粉砂岩SEM图；d.淋溶后粉砂岩SEM图；e.粒径分布图中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分别为T1、T2、T3、T4实验土壤粒径比例，Ⅰ中R1为原状土体粒径比例）

Figure 7. Experimental characterization and particle sizes distribution

(a.SEM image of coal gangue before leaching, b.SEM image of coal gangue after leaching, c.SEM image of siltstone before leaching, d.SEM image of siltstone before after leaching, e.In distribution of particle sizes, I, II, III, and IV respectively represent the proportions of soil particle sizes, and R1 donates the particle size proportion of undisturbed soil in I)

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图 8 自然状态Mn²⁺迁移模拟图

注：A、B、C分别为Mn²⁺垂直向上、水平向右、垂直向下迁移的最大距离，具体可见图3。

Figure 8. Simulation diagram of Mn²⁺ migration in natural state

Note: A, B, and C represent the maximum migration distances of Mn²⁺ vertically upward, horizontally to right, and vertically downward, respectively. See Fig.3.

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图 9 优势流作用下Mn²⁺迁移模拟图

注：A、B、C分别为Mn²⁺垂直向上、水平向右、垂直向下迁移的最大距离。

Figure 9. Simulation diagram of Mn²⁺ migration under the action of dominant flow

Note: A, B, and C represent the maximum migration distances of Mn²⁺ vertically upward, horizontally to right, and vertically downward, respectively.

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图 10 采空区塌陷状态Mn²⁺迁移模拟图

注：A、B、C分别为Mn²⁺垂直向上、水平向右、垂直向下迁移的最大距离。

Figure 10. Simulation diagram of Mn²⁺ migration in goaf collapse state

Note: A, B, and C represent maximum migration distances of Mn²⁺ vertically upward, horizontally to right, and vertically downward, respectively.

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表 1 COMSOL模型参数

Table 1. Parameters of COMSOL Model

层号	岩石类型	岩层厚度/m	平均孔隙率	残余液体体积分数	储水系数/m⁻¹	渗透率/（m·d⁻¹）	Van Genuchten-α/m⁻¹	Van Genuchten-n
1	泥质粉砂岩	17	0.30	0.001	0.26	0.35	1.2	2.4
2	细砂岩	28	0.40	0.001	0.30	0.50	1.7	2.4
3	中砂岩	33	0.37	0.001	0.20	0.30	1.9	2.1
4	煤层	8	0.18	0.001	0.12	0.45	2.4	1.7
5	粉砂岩	12	0.42	0.001	0.35	0.30	1.5	2.5
6	煤层	6	0.20	0.001	0.10	0.45	2.4	1.9
7	中砂岩	30	0.37	0.001	0.20	0.50	1.9	2.1
8	煤层	3	0.18	0.001	0.12	0.30	2.4	1.7
9	粉砂岩	41	0.42	0.001	0.35	0.45	1.3	2.7
10	煤矸石	5	0.58	0.001	0.40	0.60	1.0	2.0

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