羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层特征研究

张庆玉; 巴俊杰; 季少聪; 李振

doi:10.11932/karst20260208

羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层特征研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20260208

张庆玉^{1, 2,},
巴俊杰^{1, 2, ,},
季少聪^{1, 2},
李振^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
2.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406

基金项目: 中国地质科学院重点基金项目（JKYZD202331）；国家自然科学基金联合基金（U24A20597）；广西重点研发计划（桂科FN2600640111）；中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20240200707）

详细信息

作者简介:
张庆玉（1983－），男，正高级工程师，博士，主要从事油气古岩溶储层与页岩气地质研究。E-mail：zqingyu@mail.cgs.gov.cn

通讯作者:
巴俊杰（1988－），男，副研究员，博士，主要从事地热地质、油气古岩溶储层与页岩气地质研究。E-mail：karstbajj@163.com。

中图分类号: P618.13
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- 文章访问数: 23
- HTML浏览量: 13
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-03
- 录用日期: 2025-06-20
- 修回日期: 2025-05-13
- 刊出日期: 2026-04-01

Study on the characteristics of Jurassic Buqu Formation carbonate paleokarst reserviors in the Qiangtang Basin

ZHANG Qingyu^{1, 2
,},
BA Junjie^{1, 2
, ,},
JI Shaocong^{1, 2},
LI Zhen^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China

摘要

摘要: 以羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组碳酸盐岩为研究对象，综合地表露头和测试分析资料，分析研究区布曲组岩溶储层发育特征。结果表明：（1）布曲组发育灰岩与白云岩两大岩石类型，其中灰岩可分为颗粒支撑灰岩、灰泥支撑灰岩与生物格架灰岩三大类，白云岩可分为粉晶白云岩、细晶白云岩、中—粗晶白云岩与灰质白云岩；（2）布曲组的储集空间可分为孔隙和裂缝两大类，包括晶间孔、晶间溶孔、晶内溶孔、溶孔、构造裂缝、溶蚀缝和压溶缝；（3）布曲组储层孔隙度介于0.41%~20.15%之间，平均值为2.526%，其中多分布在1%~5%之间，以低—特低孔为主；渗透率介于0.0002×10⁻³~64.58×10⁻³μm²之间，平均值为4.434×10⁻³μm²，其中多分布在1×10⁻³μm²以下，以低渗—特低渗透性为主。以孔隙度为标准对研究区布曲组碳酸盐岩进行储层评价，结果显示为Ⅲ类，是一套优质的古岩溶油气储层，为羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层油气勘探提供岩溶理论支撑。
- 古岩溶储层 /
- 储集空间 /
- 碳酸盐岩 /
- 布曲组 /
- 羌塘盆地
Abstract: The Qiangtang Basin, situated in the northern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, is China's largest Meso-Cenozoic marine sedimentary basin. Jurassic dolomite of the Buqu Formation are regarded as the basin's most promising hydrocarbon-bearing interval, yet their palaeokarst reservoir architecture and petrophysical distribution have not been quantified systematically. In this study, building on 1∶250, 000 regional geological maps and new fieldwork, we measured three detailed stratigraphic sections-two N-S and one E-W-across the Long'eni, Angda'ercuo and Sairen blocks, collected 171 fresh hand specimens, and carried out optical microscopy, casting-thin-section analysis, SEM observation, helium porosimetry and steady-state permeametry. Integrating outcrop and subsurface data, we characterised carbonate facies associations, reservoir space types and the coupling between petrophysical properties, stratigraphic packages and tectono-stratigraphic blocks.Results indicate that: (1) The Buqu Formation comprises two primary lithologies:limestone and dolomite. Limestones are subdivided into grain-supported, mud-supported, and bioconstruction types, while dolomite include silty-crystalline, fine-crystalline, medium- to coarse-crystalline, and calcareous varieties. (2) Reservoir spaces are classified into two main categories-pores and fractures-encompassing intercrystalline pores, intercrystalline dissolution pores, intercrystalline dissolution pores, vugs, structual fractures, dissolution seams, and pressure-solution seams.(3) Porosity ranges from 0.41% to 20.15%, with an average of 2.526%;the majority of samples fall between 1% and 5%, indicating predominantly low to ultra-low porosity. Permeability varies from 0.0002 × 10⁻³ to 64.58 × 10⁻³ μm², with an average of 4.434 × 10⁻³ μm², and most values are below 1× 10⁻³ μm², reflecting low to ultra-low permwability.Based on porosity criteria, the carbonate reservoirs of the Buqu Formation in the study area are classified as Class Ⅲ (41.18%), representing high-quality palekarst hydorcarbon reservoirs.We further propose a refined palaeokarst layering scheme, quantitatively constrain low-porosity/low-permeability cut-offs, and evaluate reservoir heterogeneity, thereby providing target optimisation and parameter calibration for future horizontal drilling and integrated acidising−volumetric fracturing. These findings not only advance the carbonate-reservoir assessment framework for the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, but also offer a model for exploring complex karstification hydrocarbon systems in ultrahigh-elevation basins worldwide.
- paleokarst reservoir /
- reservior space /
- carbonate rock /
- Buqu Formation /
- Qiangtang Basin

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图 1 羌塘盆地大地构造及采样位置图（据万友利等^[4]修改）

Figure 1. Geotectonic framework and sampling locations of the Qiangtang Basin (modified from Wan Youli et al.^[4])

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图 2 灰岩岩相类型

A：亮晶角砾灰岩（GL-0-1），角砾结构，填隙物为亮晶方解石，发育栉壳结构 B：亮晶鲕粒灰岩（GL-14-1），粒屑结构，填隙物为亮晶方解石，发育栉壳结构 C：砾屑灰岩（GL-23-1），粒屑结构，填隙物为粗晶白云石 D：云质粉晶灰岩（GL-27-1），晶粒结构，主要矿物为方解石 E：砂屑藻灰岩（RS-4），藻黏结结构、粒屑结构，组成矿物为泥晶、微晶方解石 F：生屑藻灰岩（QT20-1），藻黏结结构、生屑结构，主要矿物为泥微晶方解石

Figure 2. Limestone petrographic types

A: Sparry calcite-cemented breccia limestone (GL-0-1),characterized by a brecciated texture with sparry calcite as the interstitial filling,and displaying a drusy crustification fabric B: Sparry oolitic limestone (GL-14-1),characterized by a grain-supported texture,with sparry calcite as the interstitial filling,and displaying a drusy crustification fabric C: Intraclastic limestone (GL-23-1), characterized by a grain-supported texture, with coarse-crystalline dolomite as the interstitial filling D: Sparry micritic dolomitic limestone (GL-27-1), characterized by a crystalline texture,with calcite as the dominant mineral E: Sandedalgal limestone (RS-4), characterized by algal boundstone texture and intraclastic texture, composed of micritic and microcrystalline calcite F: Algal-bioclastic limestone (QT20-1), characterized by an algal bound texture and bioclastic texture, with micrite/microspar as the dominant mineral

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图 3 白云岩岩相类型

A：粉晶白云岩（ZRDpm-5），晶粒结构，主要矿物为白云石 B：细晶白云岩（ZRDpm-1），含少量砂屑、生物碎屑颗粒的交代残余 C、D：中-粗晶白云岩（ZRDpm-6），晶粒结构，主要矿物为白云石 E、F：细晶灰质白云岩（CLpm-3），白云石整体较脏，普遍被方解石交代

Figure 3. Dolomite petrographic types

A: Saccharoidal dolomite (ZRDpm-5), characterized by a crystalline texture, with dolomite mineral B: Fine-crystalline dolomite (ZRDpm-1), containing relics of sand-sized intraclasts and bioclasts,indicating a replacive origin C, D: Medium-to coarse-crystalline dolomite (ZRDpm-6), displaying a crystalline texture,with dolomite as the dominant mineral E, F: Fine-crystalline calcareous dolomite (CLpm-3), showing dirty/dusky dolomite crystal that are pervasively replaced by calcite

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图 4 布曲组碳酸盐岩野外露头特征

A：孔日热跃分布带浅灰色岗陵状礁灰岩，主要矿物为方解石、黏土矿物及碎屑矿物 B：查来分布带浅灰色砂糖状白云岩，微晶结构，主要矿物为白云石 C：塞仁布曲分布带灰黑色砂糖状白云岩，微晶结构，主要矿物为白云石 D：格鲁关那分布带剖面实测现场图，白云岩风化面受松散堆积物遮挡

Figure 4. Field outcrop features of carbonate rocks in the Buqu Formation

A: Outcrop of light-gray mound-shaped reef limestone from the Kongrireyue distribution belt,dominated by calcite,clay minerals, and detrital minerals B: Outcrop of light-gray saccharoidal dolomite from the Chalai distribution belt,characterized by a microcrystalline texture, with dolomite as the dominant mineral C:Outcrop of dark-gray saccharoidal dolomite from the Sairenbuqu distribution belt,characterized by a microcrystalline texture,with dolomite as the dominant mineral D: Field photograph of the measured stratigraphic section at the Geluguanna distribution belt, showing dolomite weathering surfaces partially obscured by colluvial deposits

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图 5 羌塘盆地QK-1井布曲组碳酸盐岩井下岩心岩溶发育特征

A：碳酸盐岩发育的溶蚀孔洞 B：碳酸盐岩发育的溶蚀裂缝

Figure 5. Characteristics of karst development in carbonate cores from the Buqu Formation, Well QK-1, Qiangtang Basin

A: Carbonate rock displaying well-developed dissolution vugs and pores B: Carbonate rock displaying well-developed dissolution fractures

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图 6 羌塘盆地南部碳酸盐岩储层不同结构类型白云岩铸体薄片特征

A：晶间溶孔（CLpm-3） B：晶内溶孔（GL-32-1） C：晶间溶孔（CLpm-7） D：藻团块溶蚀孔（CLpm-1） E：构造裂隙（GLGpm-1） F：构造裂隙（MG-8）

Figure 6. Photomicrographs showing cast thin-section characteristics of different textural types of dolomite reservoirs in the southern Qiangtang Basin

A: Intercrystalline dissolution pores (CLpm-3) B: Intracrystalline dissolution pores (GL-32-1) C: Intercrystalline dissolution pores (CLpm-7) D: Dissolution pores wthin algal lumps (CLpm-1) E: Tectonic fractures (GLGpm-1) F: Tectonic fractures (MG-8)

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图 7 中侏罗统布曲组扫描电镜照片

A：泥晶方解石晶间孔 B：微晶白云石晶间孔 C：方解石粒内溶孔 D：细晶白云石溶蚀缝

Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope images of the Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation

A: Intercrystalline pores among micrite crystals B: Intercrystalline pores among microcrystalline dolomite crystals C: Intragranular dissolution pores in calcite D: Dissolution seams/fractures in fine-crystalline dolomite

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图 8 （A）布曲组碳酸盐岩孔隙度直方图（B）布曲组碳酸盐岩孔隙度正态分布图

Figure 8. (A) Histogram of porosity distribution for the Buqu Formation carbonates (B) Normal distribution curve of porosity for the Buqu Formation carbonates

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图 9 A：布曲组碳酸盐岩渗透率直方图 B：布曲组碳酸盐岩渗透率正态分布图

Figure 9. A: Histogram of permeability distribution for the Buqu Formation carbonates B: Normal distribution curve of permeability for the Buqu Formation carbonates

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表 1 羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩储层分类评价标准

Table 1. Classification and evaluation criteria for carbonate reservoirs in the Qiangtang Basin

羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩储层分类评价标准^[25]

Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类

φ>12 φ = 6~12 φ = 2~6 φ＜2

k>1 k=0.25~1 k=0.002~0.25 k＜0.002

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