Research on karst detection based on full waveform inversion imaging technology
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摘要: 岩溶区地质发育复杂，精准探测地下溶洞是保障工程安全的关键技术挑战。传统物探方法因过度依赖波速参数，对溶洞边界识别存在较大误差。为提高探测精度，研究提出将面波法与跨孔弹性波法相结合，并引入全波形反演成像技术，构建综合探测体系。现场试验结果表明：全波形反演技术可清晰识别溶洞空间分布（深度6~12 m，横向范围15~25 m），成像分辨率显著优于初至波分析法与同步迭代重建技术；结合从低频至高频的串行反演策略，可有效抑制噪声影响；地表面波法施工便捷，但受地表非均质性影响显著；跨孔弹性波法能有效规避浅表干扰，具备更高深部分辨率，但成本较高。地–孔联合观测模式可实现高效普查与精细详查的有机互补，为复杂岩溶区工程地质勘察提供可靠技术手段。Abstract:
The geological development of karst areas is highly complex, and accurately detecting underground karst caves presents a significant technical challenge to ensure the safety of construction projects. Karst features, including underground caves and subterranean rivers, are widely distributed across China. Characterized by high concealment and spatial randomness, these geological structures are highly prone to inducing disasters such as ground collapse and water or mud inrush. While traditional geophysical methods are effective at certain depths, they tend to rely heavily on wave velocity parameters but underutilize waveform information, such as amplitude and phase. These results in significant errors in identifying cave boundaries and a high rate of missed detections. To enhance detection accuracy, this study proposes a combined approach that integrates the surface wave method with the cross-hole elastic wave method and introduces full waveform inversion imaging technology to create a comprehensive detection system. The surface wave method is cost-effective and suitable for rapid surveys, though its interpretation is significantly affected by surface heterogeneity. The cross-hole elastic wave method, while effective in minimizing shallow interference by utilizing hole-based excitation and reception, offers superior resolution at greater depths but incurs higher costs and requires pre-drilling. Full waveform inversion technology utilizes all available waveform information-such as wave velocity, amplitude, and phase-based on numerical inversion of the wave equation. It overcomes the limitations of the traditional horizontal layered medium assumption, significantly improving the accuracy of karst cave boundary identification. A field test conducted in a karst area in Guizhou adopted a joint observation approach, yielding promising results. Full waveform inversion clearly delineated the spatial distribution of karst caves (depth of 6 to 12 m, lateral range from 15 to 25 m), with imaging resolution far surpassing that of first arrival wave analysis and Synchronous Iterative Reconstruction Technology (SIRT). A serial inversion strategy, progressing from low to high frequencies, effectively suppressed noise and ensured stable convergence to the global optimum. The conjugate gradient iterative algorithm was used for inversion, with an attenuation boundary width set at 2 m, a grid size of 0.2 m × 0.2 m, and serial optimization divided into three stages at 20 Hz, 30 Hz, and 40 Hz. The error decreased progressively with increasing iterations, demonstrating the method's numerical stability and convergence. The results further highlight that joint inversion of P-wave and S-wave data offers mutual verification, with a high degree of consistency in identifying the anomaly locations. The boundary of the S-wave inversion result was clearer, in contrast to the first arrival wave method, which only provides a one-dimensional wave velocity curve. SIRT reconstruction, on the other hand, is prone to boundary ambiguities and geometric distortion. In comparison to traditional methods that rely solely on first arrival travel time, full waveform inversion leverages the dynamic characteristics of the wave field, significantly enhancing the ability to identify small anomalous bodies and complex boundaries.Additionally, comparing the inversion results from the surface wave and cross-hole elastic wave methods reveals good consistency in identifying the main forms of the karst caves. However, cross-hole data provided more reliable deep structural details, whereas surface wave inversion exhibited local false anomalies due to shallow inhomogeneities. This underscores the importance of the combined surface and hole-based observation method. The fusion of these methods maximizes the complementary strengths of the surface wave method's efficiency and the cross-hole method's detailed depth resolution, offering a high-reliability, adaptable technical solution for engineering geological surveys in complex karst environments, with substantial engineering application value. -
图 1 测线布设图（a.为原理示意图 b.现场试验图）
Figure 1. Measuring line layout (a. schematic diagram b.field test)
图 2 跨孔弹性波仪器（a.震源 b.接收器）
Figure 2. Cross-hole elastic wave instrument(a. source b. receiver)
图 3 跨孔弹性波初至波分析结果（a. 纵波 b.横波）
Figure 3. Analysis results of cross-hole elastic wave first arrivals(a. P-wave b. S-wave)
图 5 面波数据结果（a. 频散图像 b. 反演结果）
Figure 5. Surface wave data results(a. dispersion image b.inversion result)
图 6 面波纵波全波形反演结果（a.初始模型； b-d. 角频率分别为20 Hz, 30 Hz和40 Hz的反演结果）
Figure 6. Full waveform inversion results of surface P-wave (a. initial model; b-d. the inversion results of angular frequencies of 20 Hz, 30 Hz and 40 Hz, respectively)
图 7 面波横波全波形反演结果（a. 初始模型； b-d. 角频率为20 Hz, 30 Hz和40 Hz的反演结果）
Figure 7. Surface wave shear wave full waveform inversion results (a. initial model b-d. the inversion results of angular frequencies of 20 Hz, 30 Hz and 40 Hz)
图 8 全波形反演误差随迭代次数变化图像
Figure 8. Image of full waveform inversion error changing with the number of iterations
图 9 跨孔地震全波形反演结果（a. 纵波反演结果 b. 横波反演结果）
Figure 9. Cross-hole seismic full waveform inversion results (a. P-wave inversion results b. S-wave inversion results)
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