粤西北地区岩溶水系统结构特征研究

涂世亮; 庄卓涵; 林卓斌; 姜守俊; 龚星

doi:10.11932/karst20260201

粤西北地区岩溶水系统结构特征研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20260201

涂世亮^1,,
庄卓涵¹,
林卓斌²,
姜守俊^{1, 2},
龚星^2, ,

1.
广东省地质调查研究院, 广东广州 510062
2.
广东工业大学, 广东广州 510006

基金项目: 广东省地质勘查与城市地质专项“广东北江中上游地区1∶25万水文地质调查”（2023-31）、碳酸盐岩饱和溶液体系的水热协同混合溶蚀机（500200208）

详细信息

作者简介:
涂世亮(1985－)，男，高级工程师，主要从事水工环地质调查工作。E-mail：308953075@qq.com

通讯作者:
龚星(1987－), 女，副教授，博士，主要从事水文地质、工程地质、环境地质等方面的科研工作。E-mail：xing_g@gdut.edu.cn。

中图分类号: P641.134
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-16
- 录用日期: 2025-10-28
- 修回日期: 2025-10-27
- 刊出日期: 2026-04-01

Study on the structural characteristics of typical karst water systems in northwest Guangdong

1.
Guangdong Institute of Geological Survey, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510062, China
2.
Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China

摘要

摘要: 岩溶水系统结构对地下水储存和污染物运移有着重要的控制作用。粤北地区岩溶水是当地居民饮用水的主要来源，流域的岩溶地区正面临着多种资源环境问题。文章以广东清远地区典型地下河系统为研究对象，运用多种技术方法开展岩溶水系统结构特征研究。结果表明：清远岩溶含水层以石炭系和泥盆系灰岩为主，渗透系数最高达22.17 m·d⁻¹，对降雨事件响应迅速，洪峰流量呈现出初期以管道快速流、后期以裂隙慢速流为主的衰减过程，为典型的管道–裂隙型系统。野外示踪试验表明，石炭系岩溶水系统具备单源多汇的结构特征，泥盆系岩溶水系统具有多个径流通道且发育有较大地下溶潭；岩溶管道起伏度高，石炭系和泥盆系平均管径分别为1.29 m和7.53 m，弥散系数达到2.3~6.4 m²·s⁻¹，岩溶地下水环境十分脆弱。研究成果可为粤西北地区岩溶水开发和保护提供理论依据。
- 粤西北 /
- 岩溶水 /
- 系统结构 /
- 示踪试验 /
- 管道参数
Abstract: Karst water systems formed by carbonate dissolution comprise a complex multi-medium framework of pores, fractures, caves, and conduits. They are not only the principal reservoirs and conduits of groundwater supply, but are also closely linked to environmental and engineering-geological hazards such as karst collapse, drought, and karst rocky desertification. In northwestern Guangdong, karst groundwater is the primary source of domestic, agricultural, and industrial water. Against the backdrop of global climate change and intensifying extreme weather events, these systems are confronting severe challenges-including seasonal drought, underground river pollution, expanding rocky desertification, and frequent karst collapses-which significantly constrain regional sustainable development and ecological security. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to gain deeper insights into the structure of karst aquifers, so as to guide the rational development of water resources and the protection of karst aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on Yangshan county, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, where Carboniferous and Devonian limestones are extensively distributed, and both surface and subsurface karst features are well developed. The primary aquifers in the region include mountainous karst aquifers and Quaternary alluvial valley porous aquifers distributed along river corridors. The region is characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 20 ℃ and a multi-year average precipitation of approximately1,800 mm (with about 75% occuring between April and September). The Lianjiang River flows west-to-east; the terrain along its banks consists mainly of mountains and hills (elevation of 25 to1,150 m), featuring peak-cluster depressions and peak-cluster valleys, with a high vegetation coverage rate.We established an integrated, multi-method framework to resolve the structure of the karst water systems: (1) Hydrogeological drilling and pumping tests in karst mountains on both banks of the Lianjiang River-Carboniferous borehole ZK1 (80 m) and Devonian borehole ZK2 (81 m)-to obtain the degree of karstification and hydrogeological parameters of different karst aquifers; (2) Periodic stage and discharge monitoring at multiple karst springs and underground-river outlets to differentiate karstification intensity among aquifers; (3) Field tracer tests conducted in representative Carboniferous and Devonian groundwater systems during the period of July to August 2023, with synchronous observations of hydrodynamics, to identify aquifer structural types and media parameters.Based on these surveys and monitoring datasets, we quantitatively analyzed discharge-recession curves, Tracer Breakthrough Curves (BTCs), and karst-media parameters. The main findings are as follows.(1) Devonian limestone (ZK2) intersected four karst caves (void height ranging from 1.1 to 3.6 m) and exhibited a hydraulic conductivity (K) of 22.17 m·d⁻¹, which is significantly higher than that of the Carboniferous limestone (ZK1, K = 2.15 m·d⁻¹), indicating more intense kartsification in the Devonian strata.Furthermore,the Devonian system also showed more outlets/springs (49 vs 30), higher wet-season mean discharge (1,099.45 L·s⁻¹ vs 454.09 L·s⁻¹), and better discharge stability (CVs of 1.26 and 1.35).(2) Karst systems across the area responded rapidly to rainfall. Carboniferous underground-river hydrographs were sharply peaked and quasi-symmetric, whereas Devonian hydrographs were sharply peaked but asymmetric. Recession behavior can be partitioned into three stages: conduit flow (fast; α = 10⁻²~10⁻¹), cavern flow (intermediate; α = 10⁻³~10⁻²), and fracture flow (slow; α = 10⁻⁴~10⁻³). The Devonian fracture-flow fraction (68.2%) exceeded the Carboniferous conduit-flow fraction (56.6%), indicating stronger regulation and storage capacity of the Devonian period. (3) Tracer recovery in the Carboniferous aquifer was 42.32%, consistent with a "single-source, multiple-sinks" structure. The recovery rate of Devonian reached 60.58%, and BTCs displayed multi-peaks of tailings, indicating multiple flow paths and the presence of large karst pools (sumps). The conduit parameters further supported this point: The Devonian had a mean conduit diameter of 7.53 m, a dispersion coefficient of 6.43 m²·s⁻¹, and a Reynolds number (Re) of 87,046, all exceeding the Carboniferous values (1.29 m, 2.30 m²·s⁻¹, Re = 31,309), imdicating enhanced turbulent flow and solute dispersion.This study elucidates the structural disparities and hydrogeological behavior of Carboniferous and Devonian karst water systems in northwestern Guangdong. By supplementing key quantitative parameters, it provides a theoretical basis for regional karst hydrogeological studies. Given the high environmental vulnerability of local karst aquatic ecosystems, we propose the following measures: (1) Prioritizing the planning and conservation of karst water resources; (2) Strengthening land-use controls in recharge areas (e.g., restricting highly polluting agricultural and industrial activities); (3) Establishing an early warning mechanism for hydrochemical contamination.
- northwest Guangdong /
- karst groundwater /
- system structure /
- tracer test /
- conduit parameters

HTML

图 1 研究区地理位置图、地形图、水文地质简图及剖面图

Figure 1. Map showing the location, topography, hydrogeology, and geological cross-section of the study area

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图 2 水建和山根示踪试验流量对降雨的响应变化曲线

Figure 2. Variation curves of tracer discharge at Shuijian and Shangen in response to precipitation events

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图 3 水建和山根示踪试验流量与水力梯度随时间变化关系图

Figure 3. Relationship between tracer test discharge and hydraulic gradient over time at Shuijian and Shangen

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图 4 水建和山根示踪试验穿透曲线

Figure 4. Tracer breakthrough curves at Shuijian and Shangen

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表 1 粤西北石炭系和泥盆系碳酸盐岩抽水试验结果一览表

Table 1. Summary of pumping test results in Carboniferous and Devonian carbonate rocks, northwest Guangdong

钻孔编号	地层单元	试验层位/m	静水位/m	涌水量/（m³·d⁻¹）	渗透系数/（m·d⁻¹）
ZK1	石炭系	5.61~80.60	2.37	940.44	2.15
ZK2	泥盆系	14.35~81.24	1.28	1616.99	22.17

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表 2 石炭系和泥盆系灰岩地下河和岩溶泉数量及丰水期流量调查结果表

Table 2. Survey results on the number and high-flow-season discharge of underground river outlets/karst springs in the Carboniferous and Devonian limestone area

所属地层	地下河出口/泉点数量/个	偶测流量/L·s⁻¹
所属地层	地下河出口/泉点数量/个	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准差	变异系数
石炭系	30	0.10	1527.20	454.09	770.62	1.35
泥盆系	49	0.77	3171.04	1099.45	1292.93	1.26

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表 3 水建和山根岩溶介质参数Qtracer2计算结果表

Table 3. Qtracer2 calculation results of karst media parameters at Shuijian and Shangen

序号	地层单元	管道储水量/m³	管道湿表面横截面面积/m²	管道平均直径/m	弥散系数/（m²·s⁻¹）	纵向弥散度/m	摩擦系数	雷诺数
1	石炭系	3902.9	1.30	1.29	2.30	82.90	0.55	31309
2	泥盆系	401 030.0	44.56	7.53	6.43	488.38	0.12	87046

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