Identification and development characteristics analysis of underwater rock-cells in the karst bank slope of the Wu Gorge section,Three Gorges Reservoir Area
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摘要: 三峡库区长期性水位波动引起的岩溶岸坡溶蚀劣化是危岩崩塌灾害的重要诱因，查明涉水危岩带基底岩腔发育特征是重大高位崩塌灾害隐患识别的技术基础。文章选取三峡库区巫峡段为研究区域，采用多波束测深系统结合三维声呐点云数据融合分析技术，构建了一种库区岩溶岸坡水下岩腔隐患探测与识别技术方法，查明了研究区水下岩腔空间分布规律和发育特征。结果表明：（1）巫峡段共发育水下岩腔24处，66.7%与涉水危岩带共生，其中箭穿洞、黄岩窝及曲子滩危岩带发育密度最高。（2）水下岩腔平面形态有倒置漏斗形和椭圆形两类，前者受竖向构造节理扩展过程控制，后者受“溶蚀–崩塌”灾变耦合过程控制。（3）水下岩腔的发育受到地层岩性、斜坡结构和褶皱构造的多因素协同控制，岩性上集中于三叠系嘉陵江组三段（T1j3）薄–中层灰岩夹泥质灰岩（占比62.5%），构造上在神女峰背斜、青石背斜核部地层接触带以及神女溪—官渡口向斜南翼形成了3个优势发育区，斜坡结构上以水平坡（41.7%）和斜交坡（29.2%）为主，大规模岩腔主要发育在斜交坡中。研究结果精准地掌握了三峡库区巫峡段危岩消落带水下岩腔发育状况，为后续开展针对性危岩监测、加固等防护措施提供了科学依据。
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关键词:
- 多波束声呐 /
- 水下地形测量 /
- 危岩体 /
- 消落带 /
- 岩溶岸坡水下岩腔识别
Abstract:The Wu Gorge section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is located in the border zone between the Daba Mountains in northeastern Chongqing and the mountains in western Hubei, administratively under the jurisdiction of Wushan county in Chongqing, about 400 kilometers away from the Chongqing urban area. The area is located in the karst mountainous area, affected by dissolution, unloading and geological tectonics, with a complicated geological environment, which has formed a large number of columnar or plate-like steeply standing dangerous rock bodies. Under the cyclic fluctuation of reservoir water level (145–175 m), stress release of rock body and rainfall-groundwater seepage coupling, the rock body of the bank slope undergoes multiple deterioration processes such as chemical erosion/dissolution, mechanical transportation and stress corrosion, which leads to strong deterioration of the damage of the rock body at the base of the hazardous rock body.With regard to the deterioration mechanism of karst bank slopes in the reservoir area, studies have revealed the control effect of water level fluctuation on the deterioration of rock bodies by means of on-site investigation, in-situ testing, and indoor experiments. The results reveal that reservoir water fluctuation accelerates the differential dissolution of carbonate rocks by changing the CO2 partial pressure and water-rock contact time; in addition, hydraulic hollowing results in the continuous transportation of weak interlayers and fissure fill, forming a rock-cell structure extending into the mountain mass. Although existing studies have already explained the chemical-mechanical coupling mechanism of rock degradation in the draw down zone of bank slopes, there is still a lack of systematic knowledge about the development characteristics of submerged rock-cells on bank slopes and their influence on the long-term stability of the upper critical rocks. Relevant studies have shown that the basal rock cavity structure of high-steep slopes is both a sensitive indicator of the accumulation of rock damage and a key potential boundary of rock destabilization, and the morphology of the basal rock cavity and the depth of the cavity development have a significant controlling effect on the fracture damage mode and destabilization mechanism of large-scale collapses. However, due to the limitation of detection technology, it is difficult to obtain the distribution and geometrical parameters (e.g., cavity size and cavity depth) of cavities in the submerged section (below 145 m) of the bank slope drawdown zone in the traditional geological surveys, which restricts the understanding of the long-term stability of water-related hazardous rocks. In recent years, Multi-Beam Echo Sounding System (MBES) has provided a new way to recognize complex underwater structures with high accuracy by using high-density topographic data acquisition capability. In this paper, the Wu Gorge section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is selected as the study area, and the MBES combined with three-dimensional sonar point cloud data fusion analysis technology is used to construct a technical method for detecting and identifying underwater rock cavities in karst slopes in the reservoir area, and identify the spatial distribution pattern and developmental characteristics of the underwater rock cavities in the study area. The results show that: (1) A total of 24 underwater rock cells are developed in the Wu Gorge, with 66.7% coexisting with water-related unstable rock zones, particularly in the Jianchuandong, Huangyanwo, and Quzitan unstable rock zones exhibiting the highest density. (2) The planar morphologies of underwater rock cells are classified as inverted funnel-shaped and elliptical, with the former controlled by vertical tectonic joint propagation and the latter governed by a coupled "dissolution-collapse" catastrophic process. (3) The development of underwater rock cells is influenced by multiple factors, including lithology, slope structure, and fold tectonics. Lithologically, they are concentrated in the third member of the Jialingjiang Formation (T1j3) of the Triassic period, comprising thin to medium-bedded limestone interbedded with argillaceous limestone (accounting for 62.5%). Tectonically, three predominant developmental zones are formed at the contacts of the Shennvfeng anticline, Qingshi anticline core strata, and the southern wing of the Shennvxi-Guandukou syncline. In terms of slope structure, horizontal slopes (41.7%) and oblique slopes (29.2%) dominate, with large-scale underwater rock cells primarily developing on oblique slopes. These findings provide precise insights into the developmental status of underwater rock cells in the Wu Gorge of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, offering a scientific basis for subsequent targeted rockfall monitoring, reinforcement, and other protective measures. -
图 1 区域岩溶分布图（a）；巫峡段概况图（b）
Figure 1. Regional karst distribution map(a) ; Regional overview of the Wu Gorge(b)
图 3 水下岩腔识别过程示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the identification process of underwater rock-cells
图 4 水下岩腔识别和参数提取
Figure 4. Identification and parameter extraction of underwater rock-cells
图 5 岩溶岸坡水下岩腔分布图
Figure 5. Distribution map of underwater rock-cellst in the karst bank slopes
图 6 涉水危岩带水下岩腔分布图
Figure 6. Distribution map of underwater rock-cells in water-related unstable rock zones
图 7 水下岩腔发育形态特征
Figure 7. Morphological characteristics of underwater rock-cells development
图 8 水下岩腔几何形态参数
Figure 8. Geometrical morphological parameters of underwater rock-cells
图 9 水下岩腔发育规模影响因素
Figure 9. Influencing factors on the development scale of underwater rock-cells
图 10 水下岩腔形态影响因素
Figure 10. Influencing factors on the morphology of underwater rock-cells
图 11 曲子滩危岩带水下岩腔特征示意图
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the underwater rock-cells characteristics in Quzitan unstable rock zones
图 12 黄岩窝危岩带水下岩腔特征示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of the underwater rock-cells characteristics in Huangyanwo unstable rock zones
图 13 箭穿洞危岩带水下岩腔特征示意图
Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the underwater rock-cells characteristics in Jianchuandong unstable rock zones
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