漓江流域不同林地类型的土壤-凋落物-叶片化学计量特征

朱婧; 王汝儒; 刘鼎; 王彤; 梁建宏

doi:10.11932/karst20260105

漓江流域不同林地类型的土壤-凋落物-叶片化学计量特征

doi: 10.11932/karst20260105

朱婧^{1, 2, 3,},
王汝儒^{1, 2, 3},
刘鼎^{3, 4},
王彤^{1, 2, 3},
梁建宏^{5, 6, 7, ,}

1.
广西师范大学广西生态脆弱区环境过程与修复重点实验室, 广西桂林 541006
2.
广西师范大学珍稀濒危动植物生态与环境保护教育部重点实验室, 广西桂林 541006
3.
广西师范大学环境与资源学院, 广西桂林 541006
4.
中国水利水电第十四工程局有限公司, 云南昆明 650200
5.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004
6.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406
7.
联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心岩溶动力系统与全球变化国际联合研究中心, 广西桂林 541004

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3713005)；广西自然科学基金项目(2025GXNSFAA069903)；广西生态脆弱区环境过程与修复重点实验室基金(EPRZR2024-05)；中国地质调查局地质调查项目 (DD202605101801)。

详细信息

作者简介:
朱婧(1982－)，女，教授，主要研究方向为生态系统碳、氮、磷耦合的生物地球化学过程及其对全球变化的响应。E-mail：zhuj@gxnu.edu.cn。

通讯作者:
梁建宏（1982－），男，副研究员，主要从事岩溶环境地球化学研究。E-mail：johnhomliang@hotmail.com。

中图分类号: Q948
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-28
- 录用日期: 2025-11-25
- 修回日期: 2025-11-25
- 网络出版日期: 2026-05-27
- 刊出日期: 2026-02-01

Soil-litterfall-leaf stoichiometric characteristics of different woodland types in the Lijiang River Basin

ZHU Jing^{1, 2, 3
,},
WANG Ruru^{1, 2, 3},
LIU Ding^{3, 4},
WANG Tong^{1, 2, 3},
LIANG Jianhong^{5, 6, 7
, ,}

1.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Remediation in Ecologically Fragile Regions,Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection(Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
3.
College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
4.
Sinohydro Bureau 14 Co., LTD., Power China, Kunming, Yunnan 650200, China
5.
Institute of Karst Geology, CSGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR&GZAR, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
6.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China
7.
International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO/National Center for International Research on Karst Dynamic System and Global Change, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

摘要

摘要: 文章以漓江流域9个典型林地类型为研究对象，通过测定土壤、凋落物和叶片总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（N）、总磷（P）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）、钠（Na）、镁（Mg）等元素以及土壤铵态氮（NH$_4^{+}$）、硝态氮（${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$）、有效磷（AP）等有效态含量，揭示土壤类型和人类活动对漓江流域林地化学计量特征的影响。结果表明：（1）石灰土较酸性红壤有更高的Ca、Na含量及pH；石灰土中凋落物的Ca含量更高，酸性红壤中凋落物C∶N更高；叶片元素含量在石灰土与酸性红壤之间差异不显著；（2）石灰土中，人工林与自然林土壤各元素含量差异不大，说明石灰土各元素含量对人类活动响应敏感度较低；酸性红壤中，自然林土壤较人工林土壤总体有更高的C、N、P、NH$_4^{+}$、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$、AP含量以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比值。自然林凋落物C、N、Ca、Na含量大于人工林；叶片C、N、P、K元素含量在石灰土区和酸性土壤区人工林与自然林之间差异不显著。（3）叶片中C、N及Ca、Na、Mg含量最高而土壤最低，表明植物叶片对这些元素具有富集作用；其中叶片对Ca的生物吸收系数高于其他元素且酸性红壤远高于石灰土。主成分分析表明，土壤C、N、P、C∶P和N∶P，以及凋落物K和Ca等在元素耦合关系中处于核心地位。（4）漓江流域内土壤C∶N小于25，表明土壤氮近饱和，可能存在硝酸盐淋溶的风险；叶片N∶P大于16，植物生长可能存在磷限制，磷是漓江流域内植物生长的限制性元素之一。
- 石灰土 /
- 酸性红壤 /
- 人工林 /
- 自然林 /
- 化学计量特征
Abstract: Ecological stoichiometry is a science that studies the interaction relationships of chemical elements in ecological components. By studying the nutrient element content and ecological indicator ratios in the "soil-litter-leaf" system, this study aims to analyze the correlation between nutrient elements and reveal the nutrient status of ecosystems, as well as the coupling process, balance mechanisms, and their impact on plant community structure and function.The study area is located in the Lijiang River Basin in Guilin, Guangxi. The basin has a subtropical humid monsoon climate and consists of a non-karst area upstream and a karst/non-karst mixture plain landform downstream. Nine representative sample plots were selected along the Lijiang River Basin, categorized into limestone soil (dominated by limestone/dolomite) and acidic red soil (derived from granite), with subgroups of natural forests (e.g., evergreen broad-leaved) and plantations (e.g., eucalyptus, bamboo). Soil, litterfall, and leaf samples were collected in autumn, spring, and summer of 2017 and 2018,respectively. The samples were analyzed for Total Organic Carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) as well as soil ammonium (NH$_4^{+}$), nitrate (${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$) and Available P (AP). The biological absorption coefficient was calculated to reflect the ability of plants absorbing and accumulating chemical elements from the environment.The results showed that soil pH varied between 3.77 and 7.57, with significantly higher pH values in limestone soils compared to acidic red soils. There were no significant differences in soil C and N content between limestone and acidic red soils, but they varied significantly among different altitudes,showing low-altitude soils had lower C and N content compared to high-altitude soils,and plantations had lower soil C and N content compared to natural forests. Soil P content ranged from 0.39 g· kg⁻¹ to 2.50 g· kg⁻¹, with higher P content in acidic red soils compared to limestone soils. The C∶N ratio in soils was below 25, indicating nitrogen saturation and the risk for N leaching, especially for the limestone soil. High-altitude soils had higher C∶P and N∶P ratios compared to low-altitude soils. Litterfall element content and stoichiometric ratios showed smaller differences among different soils and forest types. Litterfall C and N content were slightly higher in natural forests compared to plantations. Litterfall P content ranged from 0.94 g·kg⁻¹ to 2.62 g·kg⁻¹. The average C/N of litterfall for limestone soil and acidic red soil were 20.0 and 17.8, respectively, consistently below the 25 threshold, indicating rapid decomposition. Leaves had the highest C, N, P and Ca content compared to soil and litterfall. The N∶P >16 in leaves (common in both forest types) suggested P limitation, particularly in forests under acidic red soil. Except for K, the biological absorption coefficient of leaves was above 1 and varied among different elements and forest types, with higher absorption coefficients observed in natural forests for K and Mg, lower for Na. The plants under acidic red soil had higher biological absorption coefficient for Ca compared to those under the limestone soil.Soil C, N, P, C∶P, and N∶P ratios, as well as litterfall K and Ca, played a central role in the element coupling relationship. Plantation and natural forests under limestone soil had similar soil element stoichiometric characteristics, mainly influenced by pH, Ca, and Na. Plantations under acidic red soil were mainly influenced by K and Mg, while natural forests were influenced by C, N, C∶P, and N∶P ratios.Soil elements had closer coupling relationships with litterfall elements compared to soil and leaf elements. In plantations under acidic red soil, P-related indicators (P, C/P, N/P and AP) and Ca played a key role in element coupling. Significant positive correlations were observed between litterfall K and soil pH, P, Ca, and between litterfall Mg and soil Ca. In natural forests under acidic red soil, litterfall Mg showed stronger coupling relationships with soil factors.This study revealed the soil-litter-leaf element stoichiometric characteristics and coupling relationships in different forest types in the Lijiang River Basin. The study identifies potential N loss and P limitation issues in the basin and suggests that integrating natural forest restoration could enhance ecosystem resilience by improving nutrient retention and reducing erosion risks. It provides scientific guidance for ecological conservation and restoration efforts.
- limestone soil /
- acidic red soil /
- plantation forest /
- natural forest /
- stoichiometric characteristics

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图 1 研究样地位置图

Figure 1. Location map of the study plots

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图 2 漓江流域不同林地类型土壤、凋落物及叶片元素化学计量特征

注：3个图标记为a, b, c, 分别代表土壤、凋落物和叶片的C∶N、C∶P和N∶P。绿色代表酸性红壤，橙色代表石灰土，人工林为斜纹，自然林为无填充，下同。

Figure 2. Stoichiometric characteristics of elements in soil, litterfall and leaves of different forest types in the Lijiang River Basin

Note: The three panels labeled a, b, and c represent C∶N, C∶P, and N∶P ratios in soil, litter, and foliage, respectively. Orange denotes acidic red soil, while blue represents limestone soil. Plantation forests are indicated by hatched patterns, and natural forests are shown with no fill. The same conventions apply to subsequent figures.

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图 3 漓江流域不同林地类型的生物吸收系数

Figure 3. Bioabsorption coefficients of different forest types in the Lijiang River Basin

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图 4 不同林地类型下土壤、凋落物与叶片元素的主成分分析

注：3个图标记为a, b, c, 分别代表土壤，凋落物，叶片；MR：酸性红壤区人工林土壤；ML：石灰土区人工林土壤；NR：酸性红壤区自然林土壤；NL：石灰土区自然林土壤。

Figure 4. Principal component analysis of soil, litterfall and leaf elements under different forest land types

Note: Three figures labeled as a, b, and c, respectively, represent soil, litterfall, and leaf. MR stands for soil from plantations in acidic soil; ML, for soil from plantation in limestone soil; NR, for soil from natural forest in acidic soil; and NL, for soil from natural forest in limestone soil.

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图 5 酸性红壤和石灰土下不同林地类型土壤-凋落物-叶片之间元素相关性关系图

注：图中分别标记为a, b, c 分别代表酸性红壤区人工林土壤，酸性红壤区自然林土壤，石灰土。红色表示正相关，绿色表示负相关，粗线表示P<0.001，细线表示P<0.05。由于只有一种石灰土人工林，将其与自然林合并分析。

Figure 5. Diagram of elemental correlation among soil, litterfall and leaves across forest land types in acidic red soil and limestone soil

Note: In the figures, the labels a, b, and c represent plantation in acidic soil, natural forest in acidic soil and limestonesoil, respectively. Red font indicates positive correlation, green font indicates negative correlation, thick line indicates P<0.001, thin line indicates P<0.05. Since there is only one type of plantation with limestonesoil, the data of it were pooled with the natural forests.

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表 1 样地信息

Table 1. Information of sampling plots

序号 Ordinal	林地类型 Vegetation type	海拔 Elevation	土壤类型 Soil types	优势物种 Dominant species	位置 Location
S1	毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest	461 m	酸性红壤 Acidic red soil	毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis	25°50′58.9″N, 110°28′50.4″E
S2	杉木林 Cunninghamia lanceolata forest	305 m	酸性红壤 Acidic red soil	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	25°46′40.4″N, 110°28′46.5″E
S3	金桔林 Fortunella margarita orchard	264 m	酸性红壤 Acidic red soil	金桔 Citrus japonica Thunb	24°50′29.9″N, 110°25′50.9″E
S4	桉树林 Eucalyptus forest	231 m	石灰土 Limestone soil	桉树 Eucalyptus robusta Smith	25°28′45.0″N, 110°21′53.6″E
S5	湿地森林 Wetland forest	1999 m	酸性红壤 Acidic red soil	西南山茶,网脉木樨,厚叶杜鹃,青冈 Camellia pitardii, Osmanthus reticulatus P. S. Green, Rhododendron pachyphyllum Fang, Cyclobalanopsis glauca Oerst	25°53′47.9″N, 110°26′03.3″E
S6	铁杉林 Tsuga forest	1987 m	酸性红壤 Acidic red soil	铁仔,铁杉 Myrsine africana Linn,Tsuga chinensis	25°53′32.2″N, 110°25′40.9″E
S7	针阔混交林 Mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest	270 m	酸性红壤 Acidic red soil	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca Oerst	25°13′18.2″N, 110°14′53.3″E
S8	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	179 m	石灰土 Limestone soil	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca Oerst	25°19′06.6″N, 110°15′19.9″E
S9	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	175 m	石灰土 Limestone soil	青冈,苦楝 Cyclobalanopsis glauca Oerst, Melia azedarach Linn	24°53′17.9″N, 110°33′41.8″E

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表 2 漓江流域不同林地类型土壤、凋落物及叶片pH及养分元素含量

Table 2. The pH and nutrient element contents in soil, litterfall, and leaves of different forest land types in the Lijiang River Basin

			酸性红壤区人工林 plantation in acidic soil			石灰土区人工林 plantation in limestone soil	酸性红壤区自然林 natural forest in acidic soil			石灰土区自然林 natural forest in limestone soil
			S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9
土壤 soil	pH	/	4.17±0.03^e	3.92±0.07^ef	5.02±0.09^d	7.57±0.29^a	4.02±0.14^ef	3.77±0.29^f	3.86±0.14^ef	6.75±0.31^c	7.09±0.33^b
	C	g·kg⁻¹	39.122±5.536^cd	23.478±6.117^d	17.700±1.550^d	12.200±4.570^d	272.978±29.812^b	391.589±16.735^a	37.300±7.356^cd	47.522±3.648^cd	59.367±13.727^c
	N	g·kg⁻¹	3.778±0.255^c	2.622±0.417^c	2.367±0.200^c	1.163±0.325^c	21.200±2.847^b	38.056±12.555^a	2.645±0.540^c	4.400±0.296^c	7.389±2.123^c
	P	g·kg⁻¹	1.253±0.622^b	0.740±0.144^cd	2.487±0.377^a	0.667±0.232^cd	0.893±0.055^bc	1.109±0.119^bc	0.386±0.104^d	0.658±0.173^cd	2.495±0.995^a
	K	g·kg⁻¹	14.532±2.732^ab	15.239±2.711^ab	17.655±9.93^a	13.538±2.468^bc	10.481±1.426^cd	8.975±2.819^de	7.825±0.122^de	7.533±0.619^de	5.795±1.354^e
	Ca	g·kg⁻¹	0.032±0.001^c	0.034±0.023^c	0.556±0.299^c	2.951±2.262^a	0.191±0.178^c	0.051±0.007^c	0.041±0.028^c	1.473±0.622^b	2.701±0.793^a
	Na	g·kg⁻¹	0.217±0.081^c	0.236±0.087^bc	0.274±0.087^bc	0.457±0.268^a	0.247±0.049^bc	0.215±0.062^c	0.417±0.170^a	0.401±0.109^a	0.352±0.122^ab
	Mg	g·kg⁻¹	1.450±0.784^a	0.788±0.326^bc	1.426±1.115^a	1.080±0.743^ab	0.230±0.028^d	0.183±0.059^d	0.612±0.246^bcd	0.780±0.312^bc	0.329±0.053^cd
	NH$_4^{+}$	mg·kg⁻¹	6.368±0.369^b	12.782±0.306^b	10.310±2.971^b	4.613±0.275^b	34.558±5.146^a	48.499±14.329^a	5.949±1.845^b	16.296±0.628^b	9.366±2.701^b
	${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$	mg·kg⁻¹	10.234±1.231^a	1.970±0.402^c	7.789±2.629^abc	2.382±0.329^bc	3.093±2.438^bc	8.260±0.403^abc	7.032±1.347^abc	5.607±1.878^abc	9.082±0.359^ab
	AP	mg·kg⁻¹	16.662±1.563^b	11.592±0.771^b	262.558±111.516^a	9.734±5.432^b	90.595±13.035^b	326.636±31.802^a	14.022±5.089^b	21.221±20.798^b	18.528±6.126^b
凋落物 litterfall	C	g·kg⁻¹	354.245±44.587^d	462.161±18.971^bc	391.183±15.749^cb	406.145±99.174^cb	494.255±26.312^b	591.245±163.209^a	405.306±34.100^cb	436.445±17.149^bcd	424.722±30.197^bcd
	N	g·kg⁻¹	24.722±6.85^abc	21.317±5.511^bcd	27.533±9.127^abc	14.122±1.685^d	30.211±12.740^a	28.378±9.546^ab	19.994±5.589^cd	26.178±9.419^abc	23.244±4.790^abc
	P	g·kg⁻¹	1.688±0.636^abc	1.531±0.826^abc	2.443±0.873^a	1.148±0.758^bc	2.002±1.869^abc	0.939±0.286^c	1.541±0.727^abc	2.617±1.265^a	2.144±1.143^ab
	K	g·kg⁻¹	6.800±3.959^b	6.613±4.488^b	21.930±11.399^a	8.210±6.998^b	8.609±6.788^b	6.792±5.225^b	12.128±3.277^b	8.247±5.034^b	10.001±4.012^b
	Ca	g·kg⁻¹	2.515±0.015^f	19.744±12.406^c	22.635±2.161^bc	47.475±4.105^a	9.100±0.680^de	6.815±0.569^ef	11.999±2.595^d	18.973±6.259^c	26.689±5.011^b
	Na	g·kg⁻¹	1.382±0.035^bc	0.858±0.098^cd	1.625±0.251^b	2.978±2.039^a	1.066±0.266^bcd	0.664±0.075^d	0.932±0.335^cd	1.150±0.035^bcd	0.893±0.075^cd
	Mg	g·kg⁻¹	1.792±0.511^c	1.478±0.515^cd	2.431±0.317^b	1.447±0.636^cd	1.306±0.643^d	1.848±0.438^c	1.615±0.397^cd	2.405±0.355^b	3.714±0.300^a
叶片 leaf	C	g·kg⁻¹	448.844±37.993^a	480.267±22.640^a	444.900±33.500^a	461.300±6.824^a	490.808±32.872^a	498.617±24.197^a	462.850±5.683^a	470.850±21.086^a	449.633±41.486^a
	N	g·kg⁻¹	34.717±11.274^a	28.133±8.460^a	32.917±7.955^a	23.900±8.695^a	29.242±8.018^a	29.083±8.297^a	26.417±7.969^a	26.509±6.548^a	36.658±17.855^a
	P	g·kg⁻¹	1.875±0.536^a	2.115±1.135^a	1.829±1.240^a	1.250±0.948^a	1.381±1.119^a	1.609±0.581^a	1.322±0.482^a	1.810±1.542^a	2.008±1.209^a
	K	g·kg⁻¹	6.806±0.461^c	11.278±3.359^b	19.428±3.397^a	12.351±0.079^b	7.069±0.516^c	6.781±0.823^c	9.820±0.244^bc	11.211±0.564^b	9.832±1.746^bc
	Ca	g·kg⁻¹	6.230±2.296^d	20.945±10.567^bc	42.587±0.891^a	30.037±10.871^b	7.535±1.280^d	6.844±2.382^d	15.246±2.791^cd	17.686±1.690^c	15.324±0.499^cd
	Na	g·kg⁻¹	0.624±0.005^b	0.598±0.023^b	1.029±0.384^a	1.251±0.378^a	0.608±0.099^b	0.535±0.133^b	0.684±0.070^b	0.526±0.066^b	0.379±0.017^b
	Mg	g·kg⁻¹	1.108±0.039^cd	1.225±0.041^c	1.048±0.187^cd	0.892±0.119^d	1.006±0.075^cd	1.000±0.197^cd	1.708±0.320^b	2.185±0.009^a	2.174±0.111^a
注：数值表示为平均值±标准差；不同小写字母表示同一元素在不同森林之间差异显著（p<0.05）。S1：高寨人工毛竹林；S2：华江乡人工杉木林；S3：白沙镇人工金桔林；S4：灵川县岩溶人工桉树林；S5：猫儿山三江源湿地森林；S6：猫儿山铁杉林；S7：森林公园酸性红壤针阔混交自然林；S8：芦笛岩石灰土亚热带常绿阔叶自然林；S9：福利镇石灰土亚热带常绿阔叶自然林。下同。 Note: The values are presented as mean ± standard deviation; different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) in the same element between different forests. S1: Gaozhai moso bamboo plantation; S2: Huajiang Chinese fir plantation; S3: Baisha kumquat plantation; S4: Lingchuan eucalyptus plantation; S5: Maoer Mountain Three River Source wetland forest; S6: Maoer Mountain Tsuga natural forest; S7: Forest Park coniferous and broad-leaved mixed natural forest; S8: Reed Flute Cave evergreen broad-leaved natural forest; S9: Fuli evergreen broad-leaved natural forest.

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漓江流域不同林地类型的土壤-凋落物-叶片化学计量特征

doi: 10.11932/karst20260105

作者简介:
朱婧(1982－)，女，教授，主要研究方向为生态系统碳、氮、磷耦合的生物地球化学过程及其对全球变化的响应。E-mail：zhuj@gxnu.edu.cn。

通讯作者:
梁建宏（1982－），男，副研究员，主要从事岩溶环境地球化学研究。E-mail：johnhomliang@hotmail.com。

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Soil-litterfall-leaf stoichiometric characteristics of different woodland types in the Lijiang River Basin

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留言板

漓江流域不同林地类型的土壤-凋落物-叶片化学计量特征

doi: 10.11932/karst20260105

作者简介: 朱婧(1982－)，女，教授，主要研究方向为生态系统碳、氮、磷耦合的生物地球化学过程及其对全球变化的响应。E-mail：zhuj@gxnu.edu.cn。

通讯作者: 梁建宏（1982－），男，副研究员，主要从事岩溶环境地球化学研究。E-mail：johnhomliang@hotmail.com。

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出版历程

Soil-litterfall-leaf stoichiometric characteristics of different woodland types in the Lijiang River Basin

计量

出版历程

目录

作者简介:
朱婧(1982－)，女，教授，主要研究方向为生态系统碳、氮、磷耦合的生物地球化学过程及其对全球变化的响应。E-mail：zhuj@gxnu.edu.cn。

通讯作者:
梁建宏（1982－），男，副研究员，主要从事岩溶环境地球化学研究。E-mail：johnhomliang@hotmail.com。