Applciation of UVA oblique photogrammetry in multi-scale characterization of Yunhuatan shoal reservoir in the Maokou Formation, central Sichuan Basin: A case study on the Hongyan outcrop section, Huaying
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摘要: 受钻井井眼尺度及范围所限，传统碳酸盐岩储层研究具有局限性，很难从宏观尺度直接观测，更难以对储层进行多尺度表征。文章采用多项新技术对川中华蓥山红岩露头剖面茅口组白云岩储层进行多尺度表征，包括无人机倾斜测量与建模、野外剖面实测和伽马（GR）测量、虚拟井系统钻样与现场元素测量、孔渗测试与铸体薄片显微分析等。结果表明：（1）该剖面发育两个三级层序，云化滩储层发育在茅二下中上部，属于层序1（SQ1）高位期碳酸盐岩中缓坡边缘浅水高能滩环境沉积，储层岩石为纯云岩类、过渡岩性云斑类、灰岩类三类，纯云岩类中细晶云岩受云化滩滩核微相控制，云斑类云岩、灰岩发育于滩翼相，灰岩类受滩间微相控制；海平面波动控制了两期云化滩的发育；（2）储集空间可归为三类：①与白云岩化相关的晶间孔，受相控明显；②与构造作用相关的构造裂缝，与多期构造活动有关；③与岩溶作用相关的晶间溶孔、沿缝溶蚀孔洞、方解石晶洞等，在排除现代岩溶影响这一期孔洞外，至少还存在与两期流体活动（岩溶）有关的孔洞；（3）孔渗分析表明云化滩核相＞滩翼相＞滩间相，云斑占比越高，云斑连通性越好，储层物性越好，灰斑云岩孔渗优于云斑灰岩；当白云石含量低于50%时，云斑灰岩孔渗与生屑泥晶灰岩、泥晶灰岩物性基本一致，其岩石中白云石化对储层的贡献优势不明显。Abstract:
In recent years, guided by the concept of facies-controlled reservoirs, high-quality porous dolomite reservoirs of platform margin facies in Member 2 of the Maokou Formation (Mao-2 Member) have been discovered on the northern slope of Central Sichuan and in the Moxi-Longnüsi–Hechuan-Tongnan area, achieving significant exploration breakthroughs. However, traditional carbonate reservoir characterization is limited by the scale and scope of drilling boreholes. Direct observation at the macro-scale is difficult; multi-scale characterization of the reservoir is even more challenging, and understanding the distribution and development patterns of the reservoir remains elusive. This study employs multiple novel technologies, utilizing macroscopic field outcrops as the research subject, to conduct multi-scale characterization of the dolomite reservoir in the Maokou Formation at the Hongyan Outcrop Section of Huaying Mountain in Central Sichuan. Using UAV oblique photogrammetry and the EPS 3D mapping software system for data processing, a 1.2 km full-section real-scene model of the Maokou Formation was constructed at the macro-scale, with imagery precisely matched to geographic coordinates. For the key reservoir interval of the Yunhuatan Shoal in the lower sub-member of Mao-2 (Mao-2L), medium-scale, high-precision imagery covering approximately 100 meters was acquired via UAV wall-hugging flight, achieving centimeter-level recognition accuracy. Combined with continuous drilling samples, cast thin sections, porosity-permeability tests, and previous research results, the reservoir petrology, pore structure, and petrophysical characteristics of the Yunhuatan Shoal Reservoir interval were systematically studied at the micro-scale. Finally, by integrating macro-(full-section model), meso- (reservoir interval imagery), and micro-scale (thin sections and experiments) data, a 3D parametric model of the Yunhuatan Shoal Reservoir was constructed, enabling the integrated multi-scale characterization of reservoir characteristics. By merging traditional methods with digital technology, this study establishes a "macro-meso-micro" multi-scale research methodology, providing a novel approach for carbonate reservoir characterization. The results indicate as follows, (1) The section comprises the development of two third-order sequences. The Yunhuatan Shoal Reservoir is located in the middle-upper part of Mao-2L, deposited in a shallow environment on the margin of a carbonate platform during the highstand systems tract of SQ1. Reservoir rocks are classified into three types: pure dolomite, transitional lithology dolomite (dolomite with limestone patches or dolomitic limestone), and limestone. Fine-crystalline dolomite within pure dolomite is controlled by the beach core microfacies. Dolomite with limestone patches (dolomitic limestone) and limestone are developed in the beach flank facies, while limestone is controlled by the interbeach microfacies. Sea-level fluctuations controlled the development of two stages of Yunhuatan Shoal. (2) Multiscale reservoir characterization shows that the reservoir space can be classified into three types: (a) Dolomitization-related intercrystalline pores, significantly controlled by facies; (b) Tectonic fractures, related to multi-stage tectonic activity; (c)Dissolution-related pores, intercrystalline dissolution pores, dissolution vugs along fractures, and calcite vugs indicating at least two discrete phases of fluid flow (karst) events, in addition to the current karst-related pores/vugs that has been excluded from this study. (3) Porosity-permeability analysis indicates the following hierarchy: beach core facies > beach flank facies > interbeach facies. Higher proportions of dolomite patches, together with enhanced connectivity, corresponds to improved reservoir quality. Dolomitic patches hosted in limestone exhibit superior porosity and permeability compared to dolomite patches within dolostone. However, when the dolomite content falls below 50%, the porosity and permeability of patchy dolomitic limestone approach those of bioclastic micritic limestone and pure micritic limestone, indicating that dolomitization does not confer a significant petrophysical advantage in such lithofacies. In summary, through multi-scale characterization, a developmental model of the dolomite reservoir in the Mao-2 was successfully established, providing a foundation for subsequent reservoir evaluation and research into its formation mechanisms. -
图 1 川中茅口组沉积、地层特征及华蓥山地区出露情况
a.四川盆地茅二段沉积早期沉积相图[26] b.华蓥山地区区域地质及二叠系茅口组出露情况（黄色） c.华蓥红岩剖面实测地层综合柱状图
Figure 1. Sedimentary and stratigraphic characteristics of the Maokou Formation in Central Sichuan and its outcrops in the Huaying Mountain Area
图 2 川中华蓥山地区茅口组白云岩储层发育对比（对比线见图1A−A’）
Figure 2. Comparison of dolomite reservoir development in the Maokou Formation of the Huaying Mountain Area, Sichuan Province (seeing figure 1A−A' for the comparative section)
图 3 川中华蓥山地区红岩茅口组沉积层序（大尺度模型）
Figure 3. Sedimentary sequence of the Hongyan Maokou Formation in the Huaying Mountain Area of Central Sichuan (large-scale model)
图 4 川中华蓥山地区红岩剖面茅口组云岩储层段中尺度模型（厘米级）及地质解释
a.储层段虚拟井钻样以及岩相识别 b.无人机倾斜测量模型中云斑地质解释注：1~6井为采样虚拟井，基本垂直层面展布；A井为顺云斑段采样，101~155为1井采样号，采集55个样间距0.3 m。
Figure 4. Medium-scale model (at centimeter level) and geological interpretation of the Yunyan Reservoir Section in the Maokou Formation, Hongyan Section, Huaying Mountain Area, Sichuan Province
图 5 川中华蓥山地区红岩剖面茅口组云岩储层段不同尺度岩相识别
a,e,i.不同尺度表征的中细晶云岩：a.铸体薄片下晶间孔发育，e.岩芯尺度下可见方解石溶孔，i.无人机中尺度模型中云岩层 b,f,j.不同尺度表征的云斑灰岩：b.染色薄片下云斑具有较好晶性，方解石染红色，灰岩与云岩突变接触，f.岩芯尺度下灰岩光滑，云岩粗糙，二者渐变–突变接触，j.无人机中尺度模型中云斑类岩石，野外盐酸和Mg试剂鉴定后用红色油漆区分灰岩和云岩，其中浅灰色部分为灰岩、深灰色为云岩，根据灰岩和云岩相对含量可区分出灰斑云岩、云斑灰岩、含灰斑云岩等 c,g,j.不同尺度表征的灰斑云岩 d,h.不同尺度表征的含云斑灰岩，红色为方解石染色
Figure 5. Stratigraphic and lithofacies characterization at different scales of the Yunyan Reservoir Section in the Maokou Formation, Hongyan Section, Huaying Mountain Area, Sichuan Province
图 6 川中茅口组云化滩沉积模式[55]
Figure 6. Sedimentary model of the Yunhuatan Shoal deposits in the Maokou Formation in the Central Sichuan Basin (modified from Tan Xiucheng et al., 2025)
图 7 华蓥山红岩剖面茅口组云化滩沉积微相划分与对比
注：井号为露头取样设定的虚拟井，虚拟井分布见图4。
Figure 7. Microfacies subdivision and correlation of the Yunhuatan Shoal deposits in the Maokou Formation at the Huaying Hongyan Section
图 8 川中红岩剖面茅口组云化滩沉积微相平面展布
Figure 8. Planar distribution of sedimentary facies of the Yunhuatan Shoal deposits in the Maokou Formation, Hongyan Section, Central Sichuan
图 9 川中华蓥山红岩剖面茅口组云岩储层段储集空间类型
a.中细晶云岩中发育晶间孔，7层 b.中细晶云岩发育晶间溶蚀孔洞，7层 c.灰斑云岩中云岩晶间孔发育 d.c中A放大，7层 e.云斑灰岩中白云石晶间缝，6层 f.云岩和灰岩岩性界面溶蚀缝及沿缝溶蚀孔发育，6层 g.灰斑云岩中白云石晶间缝发育 h.生物体腔云化（未染色），其中云岩晶间孔发育，4层 i.云斑灰岩中云斑相互勾连，具一定连通性，可见方解石充填微裂缝，6层 j.云岩中方解石充填缝洞，大小5~30 cm，呈白色斑块状，7层 k.蜂窝状溶蚀孔洞，未充填，大小1~3 cm，常沿裂缝发育 l.5层发育现代溶洞，洞内可见第四系泥岩及钙华，顺层发育
Figure 9. Reservoir space types in the Yunyan Reservoir Section of the Maokou Formation, Hongyan Section, Huaying Mountain, Sichuan Province
图 10 川中华蓥山红岩茅口组云岩储层段储集空间类型
a.模型中裂缝解释，受多期构造影响，至少发育NE、NW、近SN、近EW和斜交5个方向裂缝，裂缝密度2~8条·m−1 b.模型中现代溶洞解释及现今地表水渗流流向推测
Figure 10. Reservoir space types in the Yunyan Reservoir Section of the Hongyan Maokou Formation, Huaying Mountain, Sichuan Province
图 11 川中华蓥山红岩茅口组云岩储层段不同微相储集物性统计（n=280）
a.不同微相平均孔隙度对比 b.不同微相孔隙度分布特征 c.不同微相平均孔隙度渗透率对比；b.不同微相渗透率分布特征
Figure 11. Statistical analysis of reservoir properties in different microfacies of the Yunyan Reservoir Section, the Maokou Formation, Huaying Mountain, Sichuan Province (n=280)
图 12 川中华蓥山红岩茅口组云岩储层段不同岩石类型物性测试（n=280）
Figure 12. Physical property testing of different rock types in the Yunyan Reservoir Section of the Hongyan Maokou Formation, Huaying Mountain, Sichuan Province (n=280)
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