滇西北衙矿区开采影响下的岩溶地下水水化学演化作用

和祥; 杨超; 董学兰; 郭小娇; 杨海峰; 李嘉怀; 杨峰霁

doi:10.11932/karst2025y026

滇西北衙矿区开采影响下的岩溶地下水水化学演化作用

doi: 10.11932/karst2025y026

和祥^{1, 2,},
杨超¹,
董学兰¹,
郭小娇^3, ,,
杨海峰¹,
李嘉怀¹,
杨峰霁¹

1.
云南黄金矿业集团股份有限公司, 云南昆明 650299
2.
中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院, 北京 100083
3.
中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所, 河北石家庄 050061

基金项目: 云南地矿集团有限公司和祥专家工作室科研项目（云金选研202513）

详细信息

作者简介:
和祥（1986－），女，博士在读，高级工程师，主要从事水文地质、工程地质、环境地质勘查工作。E-mail：526070552@qq.com

通讯作者:
郭小娇（1988－），女，博士，副研究员，主要从事水文地质、气候变化与水循环等研究。E-mail：lguo2010@163.com。

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-01-09
- 录用日期: 2025-08-15
- 修回日期: 2025-08-05
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-24

Hydrochemical evolution of karst groundwater under the mining influence in Beiya Mine, Northwest Yunnan Province

1.
Yunnan Au Mining Group Company(Ltd), Kunming, Yunnan650299
2.
School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083
3.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061

摘要

摘要: 为探究矿业活动对地下水化学演化的影响及矿坑充水水源变化，本研究以云南省北衙矿区岩溶地下水为研究对象，基于2010—2023年共采集水样97件，运用 Piper 三线图、离子比例系数等方法，对北衙矿区岩溶水化学演化规律及矿坑充水水源类别进行了讨论。结果表明：受矿山开采扰动影响，矿坑水整体TDS、Na⁺、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$浓度有升高趋势，水化学类型从碳酸钙水向硫酸钙、硫酸钠水演化。矿坑水发生了明显的混合作用，浅层地下水属HCO₃-Ca·Mg水或 HCO₃- Mg·Ca水，构造带及深层地下水属SO₄-Na·Ca水、HCO₃-Na水；灰岩与斑岩体接触带岩溶水属HCO₃·SO₄-Na、HCO₃-Na水。水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$主要由碳酸盐矿物的溶解作用形成，Na⁺则源自含钠矿物的风化溶解过程以及深部低温热水，${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$则是由金属硫化物氧化作用产生的，第四系孔隙水${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$受开采爆破及农业生产影响。研究区岩溶水化学受矿床开采、混合作用和水-岩相互作用控制，矿业活动是岩溶水系统中水化学特征变化的主要影响因素。
- 岩溶地下水 /
- 水化学演化 /
- 充水水源 /
- 北衙矿区
Abstract: The Beiya gold mine in Yunnan Province, which is a karst water-filled mine, is a typical skarn-porphyry type deposits in China. Its groundwater has been unbalanced for a long time caused by mining activities, which has affected or damaged the aquifer to varying degrees, resulting in constant change of groundwater dynamic field and chemical field, and forming a typical human activities influenced groundwater system. In order to reveal the impact of mining activities on chemical evolution of groundwater and the water sources change of mine pit filling, this paper analyze the water chemical evolution under long-term mining, and the implication of conventional components of the karst groundwater chemistry in Beiya mining area to the water filling sources change in mine pit, by Piper three-line graph and ion combination ratio methods and according to water chemical data of different mining stages. Research shows that: (1) Influenced by mining activities, the overall concentrations of TDS, Na⁺, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, and ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ increased, and the concentrations of Na⁺ and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ increased significantly in deep mining. The water chemical type evolves from calcium-carbonate water to calcium sulfate and sodium sulfate water, while the karst spring water chemistry is less affected by mining activities. (2) Obvious mixing occurred in mine pit water. It was initially determined that the shallow groundwater was HCO₃-Ca·Mg water or HCO₃-Mg·Ca water, while the groundwater in the structural zone and deep layers was SO₄-Na·Ca water or HCO₃-Na water. The karst water in the contact zone between limestone and porphyritic rock belongs to HCO₃·SO₄-Na and HCO₃-Na water. The water gushing point at 1,614m on the southwest side and 1,564m on the southeast side of the mining pit have similar hydrochemical types, belonging to HCO₃-Ca·Mg water or HCO₃-Mg·Ca water, which have a close hydraulic connection, and from the same water source. (3) The karst water chemistry in the study area is mainly controlled by carbonate water-rock reaction. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ in groundwater and surface water are mainly from the dissolution of carbonates. Na⁺ in the shallow part come from weathering and dissolution of porphyry, while in the deep part mainly come from dissolution of sodium-containing feldspar sandstone and underground low-temperature hot water. ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ is mainly affected by mining activities and originates from the oxidation of metal sulfides. ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ in the shallow quaternary pore water is mainly affected by agricultural production and mining blasting operations. (4) The karst water chemistry is controlled by mining activities, mixing and water-rock interaction. Mining activities are the main influencing factor to the water chemical changes in the karst water system. Accompanied by gradual mining activities, the sealing degree of the aquifer is damaged, and the alternating rate of groundwater increases, which will affect the occurrence degree of water-rock interaction. It is suggested that optimized mining plans is necessary to enhance the comprehensive utilization rate of water resources, and establish and improve the monitoring system for surface water and groundwater to protect the water environment in karst areas.
- karst groundwater /
- groundwater chemical evolution /
- filling water sources /
- Beiya mine.

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图 1 北衙矿区地质图及采样点分布图

Figure 1. Geological map and distribution of sampling locations of Beiya Mine

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图 2 北衙矿区不同水体离子浓度变化特征

Figure 2. The variation characteristics of ion concentrations in different water bodies of Beiya Mining Area

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图 3 北衙矿区不同水体水化学Piper图

Figure 3. Piper diagram of hydrochemistry in different water bodies of Beiya Mine

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图 4 研究区水体主要离子组分关系

Figure 4. The relationship between the main ion components in the water body of the study area

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表 1 北衙矿区水化学指标统计值

Table 1. Statistical value of water chemical index in Beiya mine

水样类型	样品数量 /件	Value	TDS mg∙L⁻¹	pH	K⁺ mg∙L⁻¹	Na⁺ mg∙L⁻¹	Ca²⁺ mg∙L⁻¹	Mg²⁺ mg∙L⁻¹	Cl⁻ mg∙L⁻¹	SO$_4^{2-}$ mg∙L⁻¹	HCO$_3^{-}$ mg∙L⁻¹	CO$_3^{2-}$ mg∙L⁻¹	NO$_3^{-}$ mg∙L⁻¹
锅厂河 (扰动前)	6	Mean	273.32	7.77	0.72	9.95	32.95	24.36	2.23	12.46	212.55	8.35	2.08
		Max	317.72	8.30	1.20	18.50	55.07	34.56	6.32	36.78	270.80	16.24	4.00
		Min	242.69	7.00	0.00	7.40	8.14	15.75	0.00	0.00	169.88	0.00	0.00
		Sd.	26.98	0.50	0.39	4.27	15.82	6.01	2.88	12.72	42.18	6.95	1.72
锅厂河 (扰动后)	6	Mean	448.42	7.80	3.38	10.33	85.19	32.24	5.25	158.18	206.01	3.62	6.96
		Max	760.47	8.36	8.77	18.08	163.30	36.30	10.59	400.00	230.00	15.50	12.70
		Min	253.70	7.20	1.52	4.02	27.66	21.60	2.55	49.20	182.00	0.00	3.57
		Sd.	229.57	0.48	2.72	5.60	44.85	5.70	2.84	130.55	19.51	6.33	3.48
岩溶泉 (扰动前)	12	Mean	282.91	7.33	1.13	9.18	47.47	22.62	4.77	5.99	269.40	0.00	3.42
		Max	356.16	7.70	2.50	14.00	71.05	33.76	15.42	12.00	409.50		20.00
		Min	201.36	7.00	0.50	7.00	27.96	11.01	0.00	0.00	213.81		0.00
		Sd.	56.09	0.23	0.61	1.89	15.06	7.26	4.30	5.80	65.02		5.82
岩溶泉 (扰动后)	14	Mean	213.91	7.73	1.63	7.93	54.12	16.82	2.42	15.05	228.05	1.11	6.54
		Max	331.00	8.20	5.65	33.20	78.20	43.30	7.62	32.80	374.40	15.50	20.44
		Min	71.00	7.20	0.82	1.13	32.90	2.41	0.64	1.96	141.60	0.00	0.23
		Sd.	59.54	0.46	1.29	9.08	14.09	11.18	1.77	9.79	64.94	4.14	6.50
钻孔地下水 (扰动前)	12	Mean	364.16	8.13	3.67	33.07	47.77	28.05	4.52	42.58	309.79	9.14	2.42
		Max	770.59	13.50	16.40	135.50	111.30	48.36	7.00	405.00	459.01	94.18	14.00
		Min	179.60	7.20	0.10	0.10	21.97	1.32	1.68	0.00	94.18	0.00	0.00
		Sd.	164.17	1.71	4.68	36.82	23.26	12.34	1.82	115.19	101.95	26.86	4.29
钻孔地下水 (扰动后)	5	Mean	269.40	8.22	2.99	29.90	39.10	16.18	5.93	17.77	247.76	2.48	/
		Max	341.00	8.50	6.59	112.00	53.80	32.50	17.80	44.60	333.00	12.40	/
		Min	198.00	7.58	0.70	1.08	14.70	2.99	1.64	3.35	182.47	0.00	/
		Sd.	57.87	0.37	2.17	46.23	15.76	12.38	6.70	16.03	65.95	5.55	/
矿坑第四系孔隙水 (扰动前)	3	Mean	501.81	7.17	2.67	16.63	67.64	29.01	12.20	36.33	295.33	0.00	35.33
		Max	560.99	7.40	2.80	17.50	88.92	38.78	13.86	45.00	319.92		60.00
		Min	455.99	6.90	2.50	16.00	49.93	21.09	10.50	32.00	279.02		16.00
		Sd.	53.76	0.25	0.15	0.78	19.74	8.99	1.68	7.51	21.67		22.48
矿坑第四系孔隙水 (扰动后)	6	Mean	374.41	7.68	2.98	11.93	66.25	35.65	16.99	47.42	231.08	0.00	70.85
		Max	492.00	7.90	3.31	20.40	99.50	59.23	20.58	92.80	273.70		111.91
		Min	262.00	7.10	2.59	5.63	30.91	19.30	12.40	25.00	144.70		19.50
		Sd.	74.50	0.39	0.32	6.32	27.93	15.14	3.42	25.80	48.20		38.66
矿坑北衙组岩溶水 (扰动前)	2	Mean	493.34	7.65	2.30	20.00	45.55	36.01	0.88	14.00	346.49	0.00	2.25
		Max	505.75	7.70	3.00	26.00	67.12	43.63	1.75	14.00	347.36		4.00
		Min	480.93	7.60	1.60	14.00	23.97	28.39	0.00	14.00	345.62		0.50
		Sd.	17.55	0.07	0.99	8.49	30.51	10.78	1.24	0.00	1.23		2.47
矿坑北衙组岩溶水 (扰动后)	27	Mean	283.73	7.86	2.22	22.45	41.15	30.49	2.85	27.02	269.08	3.82	8.13
		Max	440.07	8.25	4.25	123.56	57.80	50.59	6.86	95.68	383.59	21.70	13.10
		Min	197.00	7.10	0.99	2.06	16.27	11.01	0.50	3.62	207.60	0.00	2.32
		Sd.	69.33	0.40	0.88	34.63	12.32	10.51	1.68	26.86	43.39	6.44	4.04
坑底积水塘 (扰动前)	1	Mean	268.53	7.6	1.5	6	33.23	43.99	0	4	329.64	0.00	14.99
		Max
		Min
		Sd.
坑底积水塘 (扰动后)	4	Mean	381.72	7.90	3.85	45.01	58.44	41.83	2.50	159.15	253.10	6.20	6.60
		Max	386.25	8.43	4.49	56.23	119.00	78.10	4.57	364.00	300.73	18.60	10.62
		Min	377.18	7.20	3.28	27.70	25.40	26.80	0.00	80.00	198.00	0.00	3.90
		Sd.	6.41	0.54	0.59	12.19	42.27	24.27	1.89	136.79	45.46	8.77	3.55

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