灰岩区垂向溶蚀裂隙多尺度地球物理探测方法研究

习春飞; 牛广天; 李凡; 陈迪; 陈华鹏; 雷奇果

doi:10.11932/karst2025y025

灰岩区垂向溶蚀裂隙多尺度地球物理探测方法研究

doi: 10.11932/karst2025y025

1.
中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司, 湖北武汉 430056
2.
西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 陕西西安 710054
3.
湖北省地质局水文地质工程地质大队, 湖北荆州 434020

详细信息

作者简介:
习春飞（1981－），男，高级工程师，主要从事工程地质勘察及岩土设计工作。E-mail：330188626@qq.com

通讯作者:
李凡（1990－），男，博士，讲师，主要从事电磁法勘探及地质灾害监测的相关研究工作。E-mail：lifan@xust.edu.cn。

中图分类号: P631.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-22
- 录用日期: 2025-10-31
- 修回日期: 2025-10-27
- 刊出日期: 2025-12-25

Study on multi-scale geophysical detection methods for vertical dissolution fissures in limestone areas

1.
CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
2.
College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
3.
Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Institute of Hubei Geological Bureau, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China

摘要

摘要: 针对灰岩区垂向溶蚀裂隙隐蔽性强、探测精度要求高的难题，提出先采用高密度电阻率法（Electrical Resistivity Tomography，简称为ERT）宏观圈定异常位置，再通过跨孔电磁波CT成像精细化探测的多尺度综合探测体系。通过数值模拟对比高密度电阻率法的温纳装置、三极装置、偶极−偶极装置的垂向裂隙识别能力，选用横向分辨率、抗噪性更优的偶极–偶极装置进行场地实验，通过高密度电阻率法快速圈定低阻异常带，并利用跨孔电磁波CT成像精细化解析裂隙发育特征。结果表明：偶极–偶极装置可有效重构垂向裂隙空间展布，电磁波CT强吸收异常区与ERT低阻异常带空间高度一致，钻孔取芯表明物探圈定的裂隙发育带岩体破碎程度明显高于相邻层位，验证了物探结果的可靠性，该技术体系可为岩溶区隐伏裂隙识别、工程稳定性评价及地质灾害防治提供科学支撑。
- 灰岩区 /
- 垂向溶蚀裂隙 /
- 高密度电阻率法 /
- 跨孔电磁波CT成像 /
- 偶极−偶极装置 /
- 多尺度探测
Abstract: To address the challenges of strong concealment and high detection accuracy requirements for vertical dissolution fissures in limestone areas, this study proposes a multi-scale integrated detection system that combines high-density Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for macro-scale anomaly delineation with cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT imaging for refined characterization. Through numerical simulations comparing the vertical fissure identification capabilities of the Wenner array, three-pole array, and dipole-dipole array, the dipole-dipole array-with superior lateral resolution and noise resistance-was selected for field experiments. The ERT method rapidly delineated low-resistivity anomaly zones, while cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT imaging precisely resolved fissure development characteristics. The results demonstrate that the dipole-dipole array effectively reconstructs the spatial distribution of vertical fissures. Strong absorption anomaly zones identified by electromagnetic wave CT spatially align with ERT-derived low-resistivity anomalies. Borehole coring revealed significantly higher rock fragmentation in geophysically delineated fissure zones compared to adjacent layers, validating the reliability of the geophysical results. This integrated technical framework provides scientific support for concealed fissure identification, engineering stability evaluation, and geological hazard prevention in karst regions.This study area is located in Yichang City, Hubei Province. Geological structure and weathering/erosion processes have resulted in steep terrain with significant slopes. Well-developed solution grooves, varying in width from centimeters to meters and in depth from shallow surface etching to several meters, are evident on the rock surfaces. Ground fissures are often filled with argillaceous material. Bedrock (limestone) is extensively exposed in the area. A specific ground fissure was observed, approximately 30 meters in length, with an average width of 0.5 meters and a visible depth ranging between 0.5 to 2 meters. This fissure trends approximately N10°E and extends towards a vertical dissolution slot to the north. This slot feature is about 100 meters in height and exhibits dense vegetation growth within. Given its characteristics and proximity to the slot, it is inferred that this surface fissure may extend downward into the subsurface rock mass, prompting the implementation of our geophysical investigation here.Building upon previous research and site survey, we first constructed a digital resistivity model for forward modeling. Comparative analysis of various electrode array configurations and noise levels led to the selection of a dipole-dipole array with a minimum electrode spacing of 5 meters for the initial, broad-scale delineation of the fissure zone. Results successfully located the fissure, and a confirmation borehole drilled within the anomalous resistivity zone revealed highly fractured core material, providing strong validation for the effectiveness of the ERT method in identifying fractured regions. However, inherent limitations of the ERT method concerning site conditions and resolution meant the delineated fissure boundary remained relatively broad. To achieve a more precise characterization of the dissolution fissure's morphology and extent, cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT was subsequently conducted between the boreholes,which provided detailed imaging of the subsurface dissolution features.
- limestone area /
- vertical dissolution fissure /
- Electrical Resistivity Tomography /
- cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT imaging /
- dipole-dipole array /
- multi-scale detection

HTML

图 1 研究区地质图

1.覃家庙群灰岩 2.三游洞群灰岩 3.南津关组灰岩 4.石门组泥岩、砂岩 5.五龙组砂岩、砾岩 6.第四系更新统砂土、砾石 7.第四系全新统细沙、砂土 8.研究区域 9.断层

Figure 1. Geological map of the study area

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图 2 （a）研究区卫星图（b）无人机航拍图

Figure 2. (a) Satellite image of the study area (b) Aerial image captured by drone

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图 3 高密度电阻率法温纳装置工作示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the Wenner array configuration for the Electrical Resistivity Tomography

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图 4 （a）电阻率模型（b）温纳装置反演结果（c）三极装置反演结果（d）偶极−偶极装置反演结果

Figure 4. (a) Resistivity model (b) Inversion results of the Wenner array (c) Inversion results of the three−pole array (d) Inversion results of the dipole−dipole array

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图 5 各装置反演结果

（a）三极装置3%噪声（b）三极装置6%噪声（c）三极装置9%噪声（d）三极装置15%噪声（e）三极装置27%噪声（f）偶极−偶极装置3%噪声（g）偶极−偶极装置6%噪声（h）偶极−偶极装置9%噪声（i）偶极−偶极装置15%噪声（j）偶极−偶极装置27%噪声

Figure 5. Inversion results of each array

(a) Three-pole array with 3% noise (b) Three-pole array with 6% noise (c) Three-pole array with 9% noise (d) Three-pole array with 15% noise (e) Three-pole array with 27% noise (f) Dipole-dipole array with 3% noise (g) Dipole-dipole array with 6% noise (h) Dipole-dipole array with 9% noise (i) Dipole-dipole array with 15% noise (j) Dipole-dipole array with 27% noise

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图 6 （a）研究区要素鸟瞰图（西）（b）研究区要素鸟瞰图（南）

Figure 6. (a) Aerial overiew of the elements in the study area (west view) (b) Aerial overiew of the elements in the study area (south view)

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图 7 偶极−偶极装置反演电阻率对数成果图

Figure 7. Result map of inverted logarithmic apparent resistivity for the dipole-dipole array

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图 8 (a)跨孔电磁波CT成像成果图 (b)解释成果图 (c)岩芯照片

Figure 8. (a)Result map of the cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT imaging (b) Interpretation result (c) Interpretation result of the core photo

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表 1 常见高密度电阻率法装置优点与装置系数

Table 1. Advantages and coefficients of the high-density resistivity method devices

装置类型	优点	装置系数
温纳装置	抗干扰能力强、垂向分辨率较高	2πa
偶极−偶极装置	横向分辨率高	nπ(n+1)(n+2)a
三极装置	探测深度较大、横向分辨率较高	2nπ(n+1)a
斯伦贝谢装置	旁侧地质体影响较小、垂向分辨率较高	nπ(n+1)a

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