曲阜市刘家庄覆盖型岩溶塌陷影响因素与形成机制

郭耀华; 康凤新; 冯亚伟; 秦鹏; 武玮; 李嘉龙; 崔洋; 隋海波; 郑婷婷; 刘小天

doi:10.11932/karst2025y009

曲阜市刘家庄覆盖型岩溶塌陷影响因素与形成机制

doi: 10.11932/karst2025y009

郭耀华^1,,
康凤新^{1, 2, 3, ,},
冯亚伟⁴,
秦鹏⁵,
武玮¹,
李嘉龙^{2, 3},
崔洋⁶,
隋海波⁶,
郑婷婷⁴,
刘小天⁶

1.
济南大学水利与环境学院, 山东济南 250022
2.
山东科技大学地球科学与工程学院, 山东青岛 266592
3.
山东省地热清洁能源重点实验室, 山东济宁 272100
4.
山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院, 山东济宁 272100
5.
山东省国土空间生态修复中心, 山东济南 250014
6.
山东省地矿工程勘察院(山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队), 山东济南 250014

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42072331，U1906209）；泰山学者工程专项经费（tstp20230626）

详细信息

作者简介:
郭耀华（1998－），男，在读硕士研究生，水利工程专业。E-mail：420955801@qq.com

通讯作者:
康凤新（1968－），男，教授，博士，博士研究生导师，主要从事水文地质与地热地质研究。E-mail：kangfengxin@126.com。

中图分类号: P642.25
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- 文章访问数: 11
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-23
- 录用日期: 2025-06-04
- 修回日期: 2025-05-28
- 刊出日期: 2025-12-25

Influencing factors and formation mechanism of covered karst collapse in Liujiazhuang, Qufu City

GUO Yaohua^1
,,
KANG Fengxin^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
FENG Yawei⁴,
QIN Peng⁵,
WU Wei¹,
LI Jialong^{2, 3},
CUI Yang⁶,
SUI Haibo⁶,
ZHENG Tingting⁴,
LIU Xiaotian⁶

1.
School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
2.
College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266592, China
3.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geothermal Clean Energy, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
4.
Shandong Provincial Lunan Geology and Exploration Institute, Jining, Shandong 272100, China
5.
Shandong Provincial Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration Center, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
6.
Shandong Provincial Geo-mineral Engineering Exploration Institute (801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources), Jinan, Shandong 250014, China

摘要

摘要: 截至2019年底，曲阜市刘家庄村先后发生岩溶塌陷4起，塌陷点7处，造成房屋损毁，农田破坏，刘家庄村全村搬迁。为查明曲阜市刘家庄村岩溶塌陷的影响因素与成因机制，在刘家庄村开展了岩溶塌陷地面调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探、土工试验、岩溶地下水动态变化监测等工作，系统研究了刘家庄村岩溶发育程度，覆盖土层厚度、结构、物理力学性质以及岩溶地下水动力特征。研究结果表明：研究区浅部岩溶发育强烈，塌陷点处于岩溶裂隙强发育区内；覆盖土层厚度变化较大，塌陷点处土体厚度为35~45 m。土层结构可分为单层、双层和多层结构，塌陷主要发生于双层结构土体中。塌陷主要发生于地下水位变化迅速、变化幅度大的承压–无压波动状态，以及集中降雨后岩溶水位急剧上升期。单层土层结构主要为潜蚀作用致塌，双层土层结构主要为负压吸蚀作用和集中降雨引起的渗透潜蚀作用、增荷软化效应。
- 岩溶塌陷 /
- 影响因素 /
- 成因机制 /
- 水动力条件 /
- 地下水 /
- 土层结构
Abstract: By the end of 2019, four karst collapses had occurred in Liujiazhuang village, Qufu City, resulting in seven collapse points that caused damage to houses and farmland, ultimately leading to the relocation of the entire village. To investigate the influencing factors and formation mechanism of karst collapse in Liujiazhuang village, Qufu City, a comprehensive study was conducted, including ground surveys of karst collapses, geophysical exploration, hydrogeological drilling, geotechnical tests, and dynamic monitoring of karst groundwater levels. The study systematically examined the degree of karst development, thickness, structure, and physical and mechanical properties of the overlying soil layer, as well as the dynamic characteristics of karst groundwater. The results show that karst collapse is influenced by fault structures. Rocks in the fault structures and their influencing zones are fractured, and groundwater dissolution is intensified, facilitating the formation of dissolved pores and karst caves. The collapse points are located near the faults and their secondary faults. Karst development in the shallow layer is intense and can be categorized into strongly developed, moderately developed, and generally developed karst fissure zones. The collapse points are located within a well-developed karst fissure zone. The overlying soil layer is composed of low-cohesion sand and soil with higher cohesion. The soil layer structure can be divided into single-layer, double-layer, and multi-layer structures, with collapses mainly occurring in the double-layer soil structure. The thickness of the overlying soil layer varies significantly, ranging from 35 to 45 meters at the collapse points. The annual variation of the water level can be divided into three stages: wet season, normal water season, and dry season. Collapses mainly occur when the karst water level drops rapidly and significantly during the agricultural irrigation period and when the karst water level rises sharply to the rock-soil interface after concentrated rainfall. The groundwater dynamic model is categorized into confined-unconfined fluctuation and confined fluctuation periods. Collapses occur during the confined-unconfined fluctuation period of the karst water level. The formation mechanisms of karst collapse vary depending on the structure of the overlying soil layers. In the single-layer structure mode, collapses are primarily caused by piping. Their formation and evolution process can be summarized as follows: karst water level drop→soil particle loss→soil cave formation, development, and expansion→soil cave roof instability→karst collapse. In the double-layer structure mode, collapses are mainly caused by negative pressure suction, seepage piping, and load softening. The formation and evolution process can be summarized as follows: karst water level drop→negative pressure suction→soil peeling→soil cave formation→rainfall infiltration→seepage piping→soil cave development and expansion→load softening→soil cave roof instability→karst collapse.
- karst collapse /
- influencing factor /
- formation mechanisms /
- hydrodynamic conditions /
- groundwater /
- soil cohension

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图 1 研究区地理位置与构造图

Figure 1. Geographical location and structure of the study area

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图 2 研究区水文地质剖面图

Figure 2. Hydrogeological profile of the study area

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图 3 研究区三维水文地质立体图

Figure 3. Three-dimensional hydrogeological stereogram of the study area

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1 岩溶塌陷现状

1. Status of karst collapse

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图 4 塌陷点分布与钻孔布置图

Figure 4. Distribution of collapse points and layout of boreholes

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图 5 岩溶发育程度分区

Figure 5. Zoning of karst development degree

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图 6 研究区第四系厚度等值线图

Figure 6. Thickness contour map of quaternary system in the study area

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图 7 岩溶塌陷地质模式示意图

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of geological model for karst collapse

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图 8 研究区岩溶塌陷与地层、降雨量、岩溶水位关系图

Figure 8. Relationship between karst collapse and strata, rainfall as well as karst water level in the study area

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图 9 地下水动力模式

Figure 9. Groundwater dynamic model

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图 10 单层土层结构岩溶塌陷演化过程

Figure 10. Evolution process of karst collapse in the single-layer stucture

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图 11 双层土层结构岩溶塌陷演化过程

Figure 11. Evolution process of karst collapse in the double-layer structure

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表 1 岩溶塌陷点一览表

Table 1. List of karst collapse points

塌陷点编号	塌陷时间	直径/m	深度/m	备注
TK1	2016年5月19日	10	7~8	村庄东南角
TK2	2016年5月19日	10	6~7	村庄东南角
TK3	2016年5月24日	12	8~10	村庄东南角
TK4	2016年之前	5	4	村西南角田地
TK5	2015年	3	5	村西居民家中
XTK1	2019年8月2日	10~15	8~12	村东南角民房
XTK2	2019年8月2日	10~15	8~12	村东南角民房

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表 2 钻探揭露溶洞发育情况表

Table 2. Development of karst caves revealed by drilling

钻孔编号	孔深/m	灰岩顶板埋深/m	溶洞顶板埋深/m	溶洞高度/m
ZK1	43.0	37.5	40.2	1.6
ZK3	39.0	37.0	37.0	2.0
ZK4	48.0	41.3	45.5	2.5
ZK5	43.0	41.0	41.0	2.0
K1	21.0	19.7	19.7	0.8
K7	75.0	69.3	69.3	2.3
K8	71.5	67.0	67.0	2.0
K9	72.0	65.5	65.8	4.8

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表 3 覆盖土层特征情况表

Table 3. Characteristics of overlying soil layers

塌陷点	土层性质	岩性	土层结构	土层厚度/m
TK4、TK5	临沂组	砂类土为主	单层结构	20~40
TK1、TK2、TK3、XTK1、XTK2	临沂组	上部砂类土，底部为粉质黏土	双层结构	40~50
未见塌陷点	临沂组	粉质黏土与砂类土互层，底部为粉质黏土	多层结构	大于60

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