Research on the mechanism of water inrush in tectonic fracture zones of karst water-rich mines
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摘要: 随着我国矿产资源需求的持续增长，矿产开采活动已由地表浅层向深部全面推进，在开采过程中遭遇突涌水的风险也随之增大，特别是岩溶地区的富水矿山风险更大。开展岩溶富水矿山构造破碎带突涌水成因分析，对防治矿山突涌水灾害具有重要意义。本研究以某岩溶富水矿山为例，通过矿区岩溶水文地质条件调查，采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法，分析突涌水特征，研究突涌水来源、通道及突涌水成因。结果显示：该矿山的主要充水水源为大气降雨与地下水，充水通道为破碎带，暴雨作用下矿区地下水位升高、破碎带渗透压力增大，最终导致高水压击穿破碎带形成突涌水。采用FLAC3D对降雨诱发失稳过程进行模拟，当破碎带渗透压力达到0.9 MPa时会导致掌子面前方破碎带发生破坏，造成溃决突涌水。极限水位作用下，掌子面前方破碎带安全厚度为5 m，因此在矿山后续施工探测到此类破碎带时，在井巷掌子面与构造破碎带之间保留5m以上的安全厚度，可有效防止涌突水灾害。该研究成果为类似岩溶富水矿山构造破碎带突涌水成因及防治提供了参考。Abstract:
With the continuous growth of China's demand for mineral resources, mining activities have gradually transitioned from the shallow surface areas to deeper areas. This shift has significantly increased the risk of water inrush, especially in water-rich mines situated in karst regions. Conducting a genetic analysis of water inrush in the structural fracture zones of these karst water-rich mines is crucial for the prevention and control of mine water inrush disasters. This study takes a typical karst water-rich mine as an example. First, a detailed investigation of the karst hydrogeological conditions in the mining area has been conducted. This includes mapping the distribution of karst features, such as caves and fissures, and analyzing the groundwater flow patterns and recharge mechanisms. The study area is characterized by complex geological structures, with multiple fault zones intersecting the strata. The rock formations mainly consist of carbonate rocks, which are highly susceptible to karstification, resulting a network of underground cavities and conduits that facilitate water movement. To accurately understand the hydrogeological conditions, long-term monitoring wells are installed in different parts of the mining area. These wells record real-time data on groundwater levels, water quality, and flow rates, providing a comprehensive dataset for further analysis. A comprehensive approach combining theoretical analysis and numerical simulation has been employed. In the theoretical analysis, principles from hydrogeology and rock mechanics are applied. Hydrogeological theories are used to identify the potential water sources for inrush. It is found that the main water-filling sources in this mine are atmospheric rainfall and groundwater. Rainwater infiltrates into the ground through surface cracks and sinkholes, replenishing the groundwater system. The groundwater then accumulates and flows through fracture zones toward the mining excavations. Rock mechanics theories are used to study the stability of the fracture zones under different stress conditions. The strength properties of the rock mass in the fracture zones, including its compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength, are carefully analyzed. This analysis helps to understand how the rock mass responds to the increasing pressure from the groundwater. For the numerical simulation, the FLAC3D software was utilized. A three-dimensional numerical model of the mining area was established, incorporating the geological structure, rock mass properties, and hydrological conditions. The model simulates the process of rainfall-induced water inrush. Simulation results show that during heavy rainfall, the groundwater level in the mining area rises rapidly. As the water level rises, the seepage pressure within the fracture zone also rises. When the seepage pressure in the fracture zone reaches 0.9 MPa, it causes deformation and eventual failure of the rock mass in front of the heading face. This leads to the breakthrough of high-pressure water, resulting in a severe water inrush event. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to examine the impact of different parameters-such as the permeability of the fracture zone and the rainfall intensity-on the occurrence and severity of water inrush. Furthermore, the simulation determined the safe thickness of the fracture zone ahead of the heading face under extreme water level conditions. It is concluded that maintaining a safe thickness of more than five meters between the roadway heading face and the structural fracture zone can effectively prevent water inrush disasters. This is because a sufficient thickness of the rock mass can withstand the pressure exerted by groundwater, thereby maintaining the stability of the mining face. In addition to thickness, other preventive measures were also explored. For example, grouting techniques can be used to reinforce fracture zones, reducing their permeability and enhancing their strength. Chemical grouting materials with high viscosity and quick-setting properties were considered, as they can penetrate the tiny fissures in the rock mass and form a solidified barrier. In conclusion, this study has systematically analyzed the characteristics, sources, channels, and causes of water inrush in the structural fracture zones of the karst water-rich mine. The study results not only clarify the mechanism of water inrush but also provide practical guidelines for mine safety management. For similar karst water-rich mines, these findings can serve as valuable reference for predicting and preventing water inrush disasters, thus ensuring the safe and sustainable development of the mining industry. Future research should focus on improving the accuracy of the numerical models by incorporating more detailed geological and hydrological data, as well as exploring innovative prevention and control technologies for water inrush in complex karst environments. -
Key words:
- karst water-rich mine /
- deep mining /
- fracture zone /
- mechanism of water inrush /
- FLAC3D
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图 3 模型验证图（A. 初始应力云图；B. 自重位移云图）
Figure 3. Model validation plots (A. Initial stress cloud; B. Self-weight displacement cloud)
图 4 开挖后巷道周边变形位移图（A. 变形位移云图；B. 变形位移曲线图）
Figure 4. Deformation and displacement map around the roadway after excavation (A. Deformation and displacement cloud map; B. Deformation and displacement curve map)
图 6 降雨后破碎带变形位移图（A.变形位移云图；B. 变形位移曲线图）
Figure 6. Deformation and displacement map of the fragmented zone after rainfall (A. Deformation and displacement cloud map, B. Deformation and displacement curve map)
图 7 破碎带变形位移曲线图（A. 黏聚力-变形位移曲线图；B. 渗透压力-变形位移曲线图）
Figure 7. Deformation and displacement graphs of the fracture zone (A. Cohesion-deformation and displacement graph; B. Permeability pressure-deformation and displacement graph)
图 8 井巷涌水水样δD-δ18O关系图
Figure 8. δD-δ18O relationship for water samples from wells and alleys
图 9 井巷突涌水形成示意图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the formation of water inrush in the shaft
图 10 掌子面前方安全厚度计算概念模型简图
Figure 10. Sketch of the maximum damage thickness pattern in front of the palm face
表 1 模型参数
Table 1. Model parameter
容重/
kN·m−3变形模量/
GPa黏聚力/
MPa内摩擦
角/°泊松比 破碎带 18 2 0.05 27 0.37 非破碎带 23 6 0.8 50 0.27 
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表 2 矿区同位素取样信息
Table 2. Information on isotope sampling in the mining area
编号 水样类型 取样高程/m 取样地点 地层 δD（V-SMOW）/‰ δ18O（V-SMOW）/‰ QPS05 矿井水 850 深部井巷 P1（q+m） −66.5 −10.26
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