Study on the development model of deep carbonate paleokarst reservoirs in the Tarim Basin
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摘要: 以塔里木盆地典型碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶储层为代表，从岩芯、钻录井、测井和地震等多种技术手段及丰富的地质资料对古岩溶储层进行识别，建立了典型碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶储层发育模式。本文以现代岩溶理论为指导，结合岩溶地质背景条件、岩溶层组类型、古岩溶缝洞发育规模、古岩溶发育形态组合、古地下水的径流形态特征、钻井揭示岩溶特征、录井揭示岩溶特征、测井揭示岩溶特征等综合分析，将潜山区古岩溶缝洞发育特征在垂向上划分为表层岩溶带、垂向渗滤溶蚀带、径流溶蚀带、潜流溶蚀带四个带，并对不同垂向分带岩溶发育特征进行横向对比。在古岩溶缝洞识别与古岩溶垂向分带研究基础上，对潜山型古岩溶、浅覆盖型古岩溶、滨岸岛屿型古岩溶、断控型古岩溶等典型碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶储层发育规律及地质模式进行研究，探讨了古岩溶形成机制，建立了典型碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶储层发育地质模式，为古岩溶型油气藏勘探开发提供科技支撑。Abstract:
As a critical hydrocarbon-bearing basin in China, the Tarim Basin contains exceptionally abundant oil and gas resources within its Paleozoic marine carbonate formations, particularly in the deep subsurface where it exhibits significant exploration potential. However, the complex development patterns of paleokarst reservoirs in carbonate rocks, along with their extreme heterogeneity, pose severe challenges for hydrocarbon exploration and development. This study focuses on the paleokarst reservoirs of representative carbonate oil and gas fields in the Tarim Basin. By integrating multidisciplinary and multitechnique approaches-including core analysis, drilling and logging data, well logging data, high-resolution seismic data, and comprehensive regional geological background materials-this study conducts an in-depth and systematic identification and analysis of paleokarst reservoirs. The findings reveal that the paleokarst development in the Tarim Basin has undergone multiple superimposed transformations. The combined effects of uplift, erosion, and burial have resulted in highly complex heterogeneity characterized by the types, scales, and distribution of reservoir spaces. Paleokarst reservoir spaces primarily include dissolution pores, caves, and fractures; these diverse secondary pore types collectively constitute the main reservoir spaces in carbonate rock formations. Based on the dominant reservoir space categories, the reservoirs can be further subdivided into fracture-dominated, pore-dominated, fracture-pore-dominated, and cave-dominated reservoir types. Paleokarst development is controlled by factors such as tectonic evolution, paleogeomorphology, paleohydrodynamic conditions, and lithology. To identify paleokarst fractures and caves, this study employs a multi-source data fusion approach. Core data provide the most direct and detailed evidence, clearly revealing the macroscopic morphology of dissolution pores, dissolution stylolites, and caves, along with their internal filling characteristics. The filling materials are diverse, including mechanical infillings such as mudstone, breccia, and black organic matter, as well as chemical precipitates like calcite, silica, fluorite, and pyrite, reflecting a multi-stage geological filling process. Drilling, logging, and well logging data indicate the presence of large-scale caves or fractures underground through anomalies such as lost circulation of drilling fluid, increased drilling speed, kick events, and borehole enlargement. In terms of well logging curves, abrupt changes in conventional parameters-gamma values, resistivity, and acoustic transit time-along with dark black features observed in imaging logs, can effectively indicate the presence of underground paleokarst fractures and caves. Seismic data, as a macroscopic detection method, reveals the spatial distribution and geometric morphology of large-scale fracture-cavity bodies through seismic wave characteristics such as frequency reduction, amplitude attenuation, chaotic reflections, weak reflections, bead-like reflections, and low velocity. Morphologically, ancient karst fracture-cavity bodies often exhibit various seismic facies patterns, including "multiple bead-like", "single bead-like", and "continuous sheet-like" forms. Additionally, ancient surface rivers, large karst skylights, sinkholes, entrances and exits of ancient underground rivers, and other karst landform features can be clearly identified on seismic profiles. In summary, guided by modern karst theory and based on the specific karst geological conditions of the Tarim Basin, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the types of karst strata groups, the developmental scale of paleokarst fractures and caves, the morphological combinations of paleokarst, the flow characteristics of ancient groundwater, as well as karst features revealed by multi-source data such as drilling, logging, and well testing. It innovatively divided the developmental characteristics of paleokarst fractures and caves in the piedmont area into four vertical zones: the shallow karst zone, the vertical percolation dissolution zone, the runoff dissolution zone, and the subflow dissolution zone. Additionally, lateral comparisons of the karst developmental characteristics across these vertical zones were performed. The shallow karst zone is closely linked to surface water systems, where groundwater primarily undergoes dissolution through horizontal runoff and vertical percolation, making it prone to mechanical filling. The vertical percolation dissolution zone is dominated by vertical percolation with weak lateral connectivity and is primarily characterized by mechanical filling. The runoff dissolution zone is dominated by horizontal runoff, featuring large-scale underground river systems, strong karst action, and mechanical filling, often accompanied by mechanical collapse deposits. The subflow dissolution zone is characterized by deep, slow flow dominated by chemical filling, with frequent occurrences of carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite. Building on this foundation, the study comprehensively investigated and summarized the developmental patterns and geological models of paleokarst reservoirs in typical carbonate rock oil and gas fields, including piedmont-type paleokarst, shallow cover-type paleokarst, shore-island-type paleokarst, and fault-controlled paleokarst. By exploring these models, the study elucidated the formation mechanisms of different types of paleokarst and their impacts on reservoir properties, thereby establishing a geological model for the development of paleokarst reservoirs in typical carbonate rock oil and gas fields. This provides important theoretical support and practical guidance for the exploration and development of paleokarst-type oil and gas reservoirs in the Tarim Basin and analogous geological settings worldwide. -
图 1 岩芯古岩溶识别标识
A. H12-1 发育压溶缝，黑色有机质充填 B. H7-1 发育溶蚀孔，方解石半充填，后期油气充注 C. L42 发育高角度缝，方解石沿缝壁一期充填，后期充填黑色有机质 D. S47 发育硅质团块 E. S85 发育溶洞，伟晶方解石充填 F. L11 发育溶洞，灰绿色钙泥质、岩溶角砾与黄铁矿晶体混合充填 G. L11 发育高角度缝，灰绿色钙泥质全充填 H. L1 发育溶洞，灰绿色钙泥质及黄铁矿充填 I. 发育高角度缝，灰黑色有机质及钙泥质一期充填，方解石二期充填
Figure 1. Identification markers for paleokarst in core samples
A. H12-1, pressure-solution fractures, filled with black organic matter; B. H7-1, dissolution pores, partially filled with calcite, and later filled with oil and gas; C. L42, high-angle fissures, with calcite filling along the fissure wall in the first stage and black organic matter filling in the later stage; D. S47, siliceous clumps; E. S85, karst caves, filled with pegmatite calcite; F. L11, karst caves, filled with a mixture of gray green calcareous mud, karst breccia, and pyrite crystals; G. L11, high-angle fissures, fully filled with gray green calcium mud material; H. L1, karst caves filled with gray green calcareous mud and pyrite; I. high-angle fissures, filled with gray black organic matter and calcium mud in the first stage, and with calcite in the second stage
图 2 T701井
5689.98 ~5692.50 m深度发育2.52 m的溶洞Figure 2. Cave with a depth of 2.52 m developed at the depth interval of
5689.98 to5692.50 m in Well T701
图 3 深层-超深层大型缝洞储集空间地震响应特征
A. 发育流入型地下暗河系统 B. 发育流出型地下暗河系统 C. 发育孤立溶洞型地下缝洞系统 D-F. 发育大型古岩溶缝洞储集体
Figure 3. Seismic response characteristics of deep to ultra-deep large-scale fissure cave reservoirs
A. inflow-type underground river system B. outflow-type underground river system C. isolated karst cave-type underground fissure-cavity system D-F. large paleokarst fissure cave reservoirs
图 4 丘峰洼地LGA井奥陶系古岩溶垂向结构剖面图
Figure 4. Vertical structural profile of the Ordovician paleokarst in Well LGA in the hill-peak depression
图 7 滨岸岛屿型古岩溶储层地质模式
Figure 7. Geological model of shore-island-type paleokarst reservoir
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