古蔺白马洞—硝洞“双穹顶结构”成因机理及对比意义

周文龙; 赵世启; 莫贵芬; 谭明

doi:10.11932/karst20250605

古蔺白马洞—硝洞“双穹顶结构”成因机理及对比意义

doi: 10.11932/karst20250605

周文龙^{1, 2,},
赵世启¹,
莫贵芬¹,
谭明^{2, 3}

1.
贵州省山地资源研究所, 贵州贵阳 550001
2.
中国地质学会洞穴专业委员会, 广西桂林 541004
3.
中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（42161001）；贵州科学院2021年度学术新苗培养及自由探索创新专项；古蔺县溶洞资源开发利用项目（N5105252024000049）

详细信息

作者简介:
周文龙（1984－），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事洞穴与喀斯特等方面研究。E-mail：karstpro@hotmail.com

中图分类号: K903；P931.5；P641
计量
- 文章访问数: 9
- HTML浏览量: 5
- PDF下载量: 1
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-11
- 录用日期: 2025-11-28
- 修回日期: 2025-11-11
- 刊出日期: 2025-12-25

Genetic mechanism and comparative significance of the "double-dome structure" of the Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave System in Gulin county

ZHOU Wenlong^{1, 2
,},
ZHAO Shiqi¹,
MO Guifen¹,
TAN Ming^{2, 3}

1.
Guizhou Institute of Mountain Resources, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
2.
Committee on Speleology of Geological Society of China, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
3.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

摘要

摘要: 文章从白马洞—硝洞疑似“双穹顶结构”的形态解析与成因机理入手，再分析整个洞穴系统的成因，并与紫云苗厅进行异同对比，总结“双穹顶结构”的发育模式，结果表明：（1）白马洞—硝洞存在“双穹顶结构”，证实“双穹顶结构”在溶洞中并非孤例；（2）白马洞—硝洞“双穹顶结构”发育在由多组、多期节理控制的构造裂隙密集区，受构造抬升与挤压作用而处在背斜翼部，有多期水流参与改造，茅口组中–厚层块状灰岩为“双穹顶结构”的应力崩塌作用与稳定性保持提供了充分条件；（3）白沙河鱼贯而过是白马洞—硝洞发育的主要营力之一，茅口组中–厚层块状灰岩为洞穴形成提供了良好的物质基础，新构造运动导致洞穴分层促使该洞穴系统向复杂化发育；（4）螺旋型竖井结构指示了白沙地下河在白马洞—硝洞上、下层之间的排泄转换过程，反映至少受到两期水流的改造；（5）通过与紫云苗厅对比研究，“双穹顶结构”的发育模式存在一定的普适性规律，其组合形态结构预示着一定的对称性，发育在褶皱核翼结合带并由多组、多期节理控制的构造裂隙密集区，岩层以中–厚层块状灰岩为佳，确保应力崩塌作用与稳定性保持相对平衡，同时受构造抬升与河流下切的双重作用控制，有多期水流参与改造。
- 双穹顶结构 /
- 螺旋型竖井 /
- 水文地质 /
- 白马洞—硝洞洞穴系统 /
- 紫云苗厅
Abstract: Since the concept of the "double-dome structure" was first proposed following its discovery in the Ziyun Miaoting Chamber of Guizhou in 2021, no similar structures had been reported in other karst caves, leading to its initial classification as a unique occurrence. This perception changed when a suspected "double-dome structure" was identified in the Baimadong Cave-Xiaodong Cave System in Gulin county, Sichuan. This new finding provides an excellent opportunity for comparative analysis, significantly advancing the scientific understanding of this distinctive speleological form. The Baimadong Cave-Xiaodong Cave System is situated in a mountainous valley along the periphery of a polje, on the northern side of the western segment of the Dalou Mountains fold belt within the Wumeng Mountain system: a transitional zone between the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The area features pronounced topographic relief and a well-developed hydrological network. The Baishahe River flows underground at the entrance of Xiaodong Cave, travels approximately 1.2 km in a southwestern direction, and reemerges at the exit of Xiaodong Cave, with a hydraulic gradient of 5.5%. It eventually converges with the Bajiaogou River near Baishachang Town and discharges into the Chishuihe River. Geotectonically, the region lies between the Sichuan-Yunnan and Sichuan-Guizhou meridional structural zones, bordered to the north by the Sichuan Basin-a first-order subsidence zone of the Cathaysian structural system-and adjacent to the "Central Guizhou Uplift" along the northern edge of the complex east-west trending Nanling structural belt to the south. The area widely exposes strata ranging from the Cambrian to the Cretaceous, with the Devonian and Carboniferous systems absent. The exposed formations primarily consist of carbonate rocks such as dolomite and limestone, along with sandstone, shale, and Jurassic purple sandy shale, providing favorable conditions for karst development. The Baimadong Cave-Xiaodong Cave System has developed in mid- to thick-bedded limestone of the lower Permian Maokou Formation (P₁m), which is 151 to 337 m thick and offers excellent conditions for cave formation. This study combines field surveys to document dissolution features with terrestrial laser scanning to conduct precise, georeferenced 3D mapping of the cave system. Point cloud slicing techniques were applied to deconstruct the spatial data, with a focus on the suspected "double-dome structure", to analyze its morphological characteristics and genetic mechanisms. Through comparison with the Ziyun Miaoting Chamber, we aim to generalize a universal genetic model for the "double-dome structure" and to systematically examine the developmental drivers of the Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave System, thereby enhancing the understanding of the evolution and geomorphic impact of subterranean chambers. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) Three-dimensional morphological analysis confirms that the structure in the Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave System is consistent with the scientific concept of a "double-dome structure" proposed in 2021, demonstrating that such structures are not unique in karst environments.(2) The development of the "double-dome structure" is horizontally controlled by multiple sets of multi-phase joints with varying orientations and spacing, where dense joint systems play a critical role in forming internal polygonal patterns. Vertically, the structure reflects the combined effects of tectonic uplift and fluvial incision, modified by multi-phase water flow. Its position on the flank of an anticline facilitates the opening of basal fractures, promoting groundwater infiltration. The mid- to thick-bedded, massive limestone of the Maokou Formation provides the necessary lithological conditions for stress-induced collapse and long-term stability.(3) The development of the Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave System is closely linked to its regional geological and hydrological setting. The traverse of the Baishahe River creates a steep hydraulic gradient across the cave, while abundant rainfall and a large catchment area provide sustained hydrodynamic forcing, serving as the primary agent for speleogenesis. The competent limestone of the Maokou Formation offers a suitable material basis for the development of extensive cave passages and significant vertical relief. The presence of tiered cave levels reflects neotectonic uplift, and well-developed faults and folds have contributed to the structural complexity of the system.(4) A spiral structure within the cave records a shift in the flow path of the Baisha underground river between the upper and lower levels, indicating at least two distinct phases of water flow: an early phase from the Xiaodong Cave entrance toward Baimadong Cave, followed by a later phase developing downward from the Xiaodong Cave entrance to its exit.(5) Comparative analysis with the Ziyun Miaoting Chamber reveals consistent developmental patterns for "double-dome structure". They typically form in intensely jointed zones at the hinge-limb transition of folds, at specific depths below the surface, preferably in mid- to thick-bedded, massive limestone. This lithology provides a balance between collapse potential and structural stability. Their formation is controlled by tectonic uplift and river incision, and they commonly undergo modification through multi-phase water flow.
- double-dome structure /
- spiral shaft /
- hydrogeology /
- Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave System /
- Miaoting Chamber in Ziyun county

HTML

图 1 古蔺县地质概图及白沙场镇白马洞—硝洞位置图（根据1∶20万地质图改绘）

Figure 1. Geological overview of Gulin county and location map of Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave in Baishachang town (redrawn based on the 1∶200,000 geological map)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 白马洞—硝洞洞穴系统平面图（上）与剖面图（下）

Figure 2. Plan view (top) and profile view (bottom) of the Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave System

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 鞍部截面形态

Figure 3. Section view of saddle morphology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 纵剖面形态

Figure 4. Profile view of morphology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 横断面形态图

Figure 5. Cross section view of morphology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 鞍部形态与白马洞—硝洞洞道走向关系

Figure 6. Relationship between saddle morphology and the direction of the Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave passage

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 古蔺县白沙场镇地质简图以及白马洞—硝洞发育位置

Figure 7. Geological sketch of Baishachang town, Gulin county and development location of Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 白马洞—硝洞洞穴系统与地形关系

Figure 8. Relationship between Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave system and the surface terrain

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 白马洞—硝洞洞穴系统与地貌关系

Figure 9. Relationship between Baimadong-Xiaodong Cave system and surface landforms

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(32)

[1]	周文龙, Jean Bottazzi, 谭明, 樊云龙, 傅良同, 王德远. 基于激光扫描和构造分析的紫云苗厅“双穹顶结构”成因机理初步研究[J]. 中国岩溶, 2021, 40(6): 965-976. doi: 10.11932/karst20210606 ZHOU Wenlong, Bottazzi Jean, TAN Ming, FAN Yunlong, FU Liangtong, WANG Deyuan. Mechanism of Miao Chamber in Ziyun county based on terrestrial laser scanning and structural analysis[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2021, 40(6): 965-976. doi: 10.11932/karst20210606
[2]	Dan Vergano. China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern[2014- 09-28] [EB/OL]. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science.
[3]	金玉璋. 贵州省紫云县发现面积居世界第二位的岩溶厅堂: 格必河–苗厅[J]. 地质科学, 1990(2): 204. JIN Yuzhang. Ziyun County, Guizhou Province, found the world's second largest karst hall-Gebi River-Miao Hall[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 1990 (2): 204.
[4]	邓飞艳, 焦树林, 邓亚东, 罗书文, 袁热林. 喀斯特洞穴利用方式研究: 以乌蒙山赤水河河谷带为例[J]. 人民珠江, 2017, 38(5): 36-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9235.2017.5.009 DENG Feiyan, JIAO Shulin, DENG Yadong, LUO Shuwen, YUAN Relin. Study of the utilization pattern of karst cave: With Wumengshan Mountains Chishui River Valley as an example[J]. Pearl River, 2017, 38(5): 36-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9235.2017.5.009
[5]	赵瑞. 四川盆地南缘地形梯度带区域岩溶水系统研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2016. ZHAO Rui. Research on the system of regional Karst water in the topographic gradient zone of the south edge of Sichuan Basin[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2016.
[6]	李晨阳, 王新春, 何春珍, 吴轩, 孔昭煜, 李晓蕾. 全国1∶200 000数字地质图(公开版)空间数据库[J]. 中国地质, 2019, 46(S1): 1-10. LI Chenyang, WANG Xinchun, HE Chunzhen, WU Xuan, KONG Zhaoyu, LI Xiaolei. China national digital geological map (Public version at 1: 200, 000 scale) spatial database[J]. Geology in China, 2019, 46(S1): 1-10.
[7]	古蔺县政府办公室. 古蔺县人民政府关于古蔺县双沙镇更名为古蔺县白沙场镇的公告[2024-11-26][EB/OL]. https://www.gulin.gov.cn/zwgk/zc/zcfg/zfwj/xzfwj/content_97392.
[8]	今日头条. 泸州古蔺县溶洞里开音乐会[2016-03-23][EB/OL]. https://www.toutiao.com/article/6265066178915025154/?channel=&source=search_tab.
[9]	周文龙, 高占冬, 李辉, 李坡, 贺卫, 熊康宁. 基于地面激光扫描的喀斯特洞穴制图研究[J]. 中国岩溶, 2022, 41(1): 153-164. doi: 10.11932/karst20220109 ZHOU Wenlong, GAO Zhandong, LI Hui, LI Po, HE Wei, XIONG Kangning. Research on karst cave mapping based on terrestrial laser scanning[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2022, 41(1): 153-164. doi: 10.11932/karst20220109
[10]	周文龙, 高占冬, 吴克华, 黎有为, 李坡, 贺卫. 河北阜平神仙洞探测研究及开发建议[J]. 中国岩溶, 2020, 39(1): 110-118. doi: 10.11932/karst20200106 ZHOU Wenlong, GAO Zhandong, WU Kehua, LI Youwei, LI Po, HE Wei. Exploration and suggestions on development of the Shenxian cave in Fuping county, Hebei Province[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2020, 39(1): 110-118. doi: 10.11932/karst20200106
[11]	William B White, David C Culver. Encyclopedia of Caves (Second Edition) [M].New York: Academic Press, 2012: 531-538.
[12]	庞丽伟. 老黄龙洞洞穴岩石微形态及洞穴发育演化研究[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2016. PANG Liwei. Study on rock micromorphology and cave development and evolution of Laohuanglong Cave[D]. Kunming: Yunnan University, 2016.
[13]	周忠发, 丁圣君, 张结, 熊勇, 董慧. 贵州绥阳麻黄洞壶穴形态特征及其成因分析[J]. 贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 42(5): 1-8, 57. doi: 10.16614/j.gznuj.zrb.2024.05.001 ZHOU Zhongfa, DING Shengjun, ZHANG Jie, XIONG Yong, DONG Hui. Morphological characteristics and causal analysis of cavernous potholes in Mahuang Cave, Suiyang County, Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University( Natural Sciences), 2024, 42(5): 1-8, 57. doi: 10.16614/j.gznuj.zrb.2024.05.001
[14]	翟秀敏, 张远海, 李发源, 史文强, 韦昊星. 侵蚀型天坑演化研究[J]. 中国岩溶, 2021, 40(6): 952-964. doi: 10.11932/karst20210605 ZHAI Xiumin, ZHANG Yuanhai, LI Fayuan, SHI Wenqiang, WEI Haoxing. Evolutional process of erosional Tiankengs[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2021, 40(6): 952-964. doi: 10.11932/karst20210605
[15]	Gillieson D. Caves: Processes, Development and Management[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996: 81-87.
[16]	Farrant A R, Smart P L, Whitaker F F, Tarling D H. Long-term Quaternary uplift rates inferred from limestone caves in Sarawak, Malaysia[J]. Geology, 1995, 23(4): 357-360. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0357:LTQURI>2.3.CO;2
[17]	朱学稳, 陈伟海, Erin Lynch. 武隆喀斯特及其地壳抬升性质解读[J]. 中国岩溶, 2007, 26(2): 119-125. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2007.02.005 ZHU Xuewen, CHEN Weihai, Erin Lynch. Wulong karst systems and as an indicator of local tectonic uplift[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2007, 26(2): 119-125. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2007.02.005
[18]	Zhu X W, Chen W H. Tiankengs in the karst China[J]. Cave and Karst Science, 2005, 32 (2&3): 55-66.
[19]	William B White, David C Culver, Tanja Pipan. Encyclopedia of caves (Third Edition)[M]. New York: Academic Press, 2019: 1071-1076.
[20]	李忠权, 刘顺. 构造地质学[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2010. LI Zhongquan, LIU Shun. Structural Geology [M]. Beijing: Geology Press, 2010.
[21]	张英骏, 缪钟灵, 毛健全, 章典. 应用岩溶学与洞穴学[M]. 贵阳: 贵州人民出版社, 1985: 1-287. ZHANG Yingjun, MIAO Zhongling, MAO Jianquan, ZHANG Dian. Applied karstology and cave science [M]. Guiyang : Guizhou People 's Publishing House, 1985: 1-287.
[22]	潘玉峰, 吴建标, 李社宏, 潘明. 滇东南南洞地下河系统源区洞穴特征及其成因演化机制[J]. 中国岩溶, 2022, 41(1): 133-142. PAN Yufeng, WU Jianbiao, LI Shehong, PAN Ming. Cave characteristics and its genesis and evolution in the source area of Nandong underground river system in Nandong area, Southeast Yunnan[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2022, 41(1): 133-142.
[23]	李京天, 朱凯, 肖先煊, 尹艳, 刘皓, 许模, 何志攀. 水位下降诱发覆盖型岩溶塌陷发育机理[J]. 中国岩溶, 2024, 43(2): 406-420. doi: 10.11932/karst2024y010 LI Jingtian, ZHU Kai, XIAO Xianxuan, YIN Yan, LIU Hao, XU Mo, HE Zhipan. Development mechanism of covered karst collapses induced by groundwater drawdown[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2024, 43(2): 406-420. doi: 10.11932/karst2024y010
[24]	陈学军, 薛明明, 宋宇. 水位下降速率对岩溶土洞塌陷的影响分析[J]. 中国岩溶, 2024, 43(4): 922-936. doi: 10.11932/karst20240409 CHEN Xuejun, XUE Mingming, SONG Yu. Influence of water level dropping rates on the collapse of karst soil caves[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2024, 43(4): 922-936. doi: 10.11932/karst20240409
[25]	张远海, 朱德浩. 中国大型岩溶洞穴空间分布及演变规律[J]. 桂林理工大学学报, 2012, 32(1): 20-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9057.2012.01.003 ZHANG Yuanhai, ZHU Dehao. Large karst caves distribution and development in China[J]. Journal of Guilin University of Technology, 2012, 32(1): 20-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9057.2012.01.003
[26]	罗娅, 张荣星, 薛习习, 刘茂, 王娇娇, 娄晶智. 基于正负地形的喀斯特地貌分类研究: 以贵州喀斯特区为例[J]. 贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 42(5): 9-19. doi: 10.16614/j.gznuj.zrb.2024.05.002 LUO Ya, ZHANG Rongxing, XUE Xixi, LIU Mao, WANG Jiaojiao, LOU Jingzhi. Research on karst landform classification based on positive and negative terrains: Taking the karst region of Guizhou Province as an example[J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Sciences), 2024, 42(5): 9-19. doi: 10.16614/j.gznuj.zrb.2024.05.002
[27]	泸州市自然资源和规划局. 泸州市古蔺县强降雨引发泥石流提前处置成功避免14户44人伤亡[2020-09-11][EB/OL]. https://zrzyhghj.luzhou.gov.cn/gzdt/content_756337.
[28]	蒋小珍, 冯涛, 郑志文, 雷明堂, 张伟, 马骁, 伊小娟. 岩溶塌陷机理研究进展[J]. 中国岩溶, 2023, 42(3): 517-527. doi: 10.11932/karst20230304 JIANG Xiaozhen, FENG Tao, ZHENG Zhiwen, LEI Mingtang, ZHANG Wei, MA Xiao, YI Xiaojuan. A review of karst collapse mechanisms[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2023, 42(3): 517-527. doi: 10.11932/karst20230304
[29]	Nico Goldscheider, David Drew. Methods in Karst Hydrogeology[M]. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
[30]	地理·中国. 螺旋向下的洞穴是怎么形成的?[2022-04-11][EB/OL]. https://tv.cctv.cn/2022/04/11/VIDEJthKzPwDWKhVBgYDl8fu220411.shtml.
[31]	L Jorda Bordehore. Stability Assessment of Natural Caves Using Empirical Approaches and Rock Mass Classifications[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2017(50): 2143-2154.
[32]	Peter Smart, Andrew Eavis, Kevin Dixon, Zhang Yuanhai, Erin Lynch, Daniela Pani, Carsten Peter, Chris Smith, Richard Walters. Geomorphology of the World's Largest Cave Chambers[C]// Asian Transkarst Conference, 2015.