深圳市梧桐山东坡火山岩中大理岩集块成因及其岩溶特征

王小湖; 王平; 王贤能; 赖安锋

doi:10.11932/karst20250603

深圳市梧桐山东坡火山岩中大理岩集块成因及其岩溶特征

doi: 10.11932/karst20250603

深圳市工勘岩土集团有限公司, 广东深圳 518063

基金项目: 深圳市财政专项基金资助项目—深圳市城市地质调查（SZCG2021199695）

详细信息

作者简介:
王小湖（1984－），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程和地质灾害防治专业工作。E-mail：342121597@qq.com

中图分类号: P642.25
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-02
- 录用日期: 2025-05-09
- 修回日期: 2025-02-21
- 刊出日期: 2025-12-25

Genesis and karst characteristics of marble agglomerate in volcanic rocks on the eastern slope of Wutong Mountain, Shenzhen

Shenzhen Geokey Group Co., LTD. , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518063, China

摘要

摘要: 深圳市梧桐山东坡火山碎屑岩的大理岩集块中发育有溶隙、溶洞等岩溶现象，对工程建设已造成影响。文章收集了梧桐山地区大量钻孔柱状图和多期次地质调查成果，利用机载LiDAR DEM数据对梧桐山火山机构进行了遥感解译，在研究区开展了工程地质地面调查，得到的主要成果如下：（1）梧桐山东坡含大理岩集块火山岩产出于梧桐山火山喷发第2韵律的爆发崩塌相岩石中，推测的火山岩岩溶区位于望基湖—小坳火山构造洼地，总面积约1.826 km²；（2）推测该火山岩中的大理岩集块来源于火山通道的下石炭统石磴子组（C₁s）灰岩，火山喷发前岩浆的挤压、气爆使围岩碎裂崩塌，火山喷发时岩浆压力的释放使破碎崩塌的围岩物质随岩浆到达地面并融入到火山岩中；（3）由于研究区良好的地下水循环交替条件使得其中的大理岩块被溶蚀，岩溶形态以中小规模溶洞为主，溶洞间连通性差，岩溶发育程度弱–中等；（4）岩溶发育受断裂构造、深度、地形地貌、风化程度的影响，呈现出较强的分带性和不均匀性。
- 大理岩集块 /
- 可溶岩 /
- 岩溶 /
- 火山喷发 /
- 火山捕虏岩
Abstract: Karst phenomena, such as fissures and caves, occur in the marble agglomerate of pyroclastic rocks on the eastern slope of Shenzhen’s Wutong Mountain. These features have affected the engineering projects such as subway construction and pile foundation engineering in the study area. This study collected numerous borehole histograms and data on multi-phase geological surveys from the Wutong Mountain area, interpreted volcanic structures using airborne LiDAR data from the middle and eastern parts of Wutong Mountain, and conducted engineering geological ground surveys in the study area. The study shows: (1) Marble agglomerate volcanic rocks on the eastern slope of Wutong Mountain are distributed in the explosive collapse phase rocks of the second eruptive cycle of Wutong Mountain’s volcanic activity. It is inferred that the karst area within these volcanic rocks is located in the Wangjihu–Xiao’ao volcanic structural depression, covering total area of about 1.826 km². (2) It is further inferred that the marble agglomerate in the volcanic rock, originated from the limestone in the lower Carboniferous Shidengzi Formation (C₁s) within the volcanic channel, formed during early intense eruptions. Prior to the volcanic eruption, magma compression and gas explosions caused the surrounding rock to fracture and collapse. During the volcanic eruption, the release of magma pressure propelled the fragmented and collapsed surrounding rock material to the surface, where it mingled with magma and solidified into the volcanic rock. (3) Due to the favorable groundwater circulation and alternating conditions in the study area, the marble agglomerates have undergone erosion, resulting in karst morphology primarily characterized by small and medium-sized caves. The connectivity between these caves is poor, and the degree of karst development ranges from weak to moderate. (4) The development of karst is influenced by fault structures, depth, topographic features, and the degree of weathering, exhibiting strong zoning and heterogeneity. Karst development pronounced in the NE direction, followed by the EW and NW directions, which aligns with the main orientations of regional faults. Karst is more developed in sections with burial depths of 10 to 20 m and 50 to 60 m, and at elevations of 30 to 40 m and 50 to 60 m. Karst development is stronger in valley areas and weaker on hillside. It is most developed in strongly to moderately weathered zones, followed by the residual soil to completely weathered zones, while karst development is weak in slightly weathered area. This study innovatively analyzes the formation of marble agglomerations based on the history of volcanic eruption. Through DEM data interpretation, Wutong Mountain is shown to have evolved from early "central eruption + peripheral multi-point eruption" phase to a later "central eruption" phase. It is inferred that early intense eruptions formed marble-bearing agglomerated volcanic rocks. Due to the weakening of eruption intensity and the lengthening of eruption path during the middle and late stages, the limestone blocks failed to integrate into the volcanic rock mass. Most of Wutong Mountain’s large block-bearing volcanic rocks were subsequently covered by later eruption materials, while the eastern periphery was exposed or shallowly buried due to fewer eruption events, providing favorable conditions for the subsequent dissolution of marble agglomerations. The research findings will provide a foundation for the prevention and control of karst environmental geology and engineering geological problems in the volcanic rock area of Wutong Mountain as well as provide a reference for karst research in similar volcanic rock areas.
- marble agglomerate /
- soluble rock /
- karst /
- volcanic eruption /
- volcanic xenolith

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图 1 梧桐山中部—东部地貌类型遥感解译图

1. 推测火山碎屑岩中岩溶发育区 2. 已验证火山碎屑岩中岩溶发育区 3. 火山穹隆低山区 4. 次生火山锥低山丘陵区 5. 火山构造洼地区 6. 侵入岩山地 7. 碎屑岩山地 8. 山前洪积扇 9. 冲洪积平原 10. 人工挖山整平区 11. 人工填海区 12. 火山穹隆 13. 次级火山锥 14. 火山口 15. 推测火山口 16. 地表溶洞 17. 火山岩岩相分界线 18. 侵出相 19. 喷溢相 20. 爆发相 21. 爆发崩塌相 22. 推测的下石炭统隐伏岩溶区

Figure 1. Remote sensing interpretation map of landform type in the middle and east parts of Wutong Mountain

1. inferred karst development areas in volcanic rocks 2. verified karst development areas in volcanic rocks 3. volcanic dome low-mountain area 4. hilly area of secondary volcanic cone low mountain 5. volcano-tectonic depression area 6. intrusive rock mountainous areas 7. clastic mountainous areas; 8. piedmont proluvial fan 9. alluvial-proluvial plain 10. manual excavation and leveling area 11. manual reclamation area 12. volcanic dome 13. secondary volcanic cone 14. crater 15. inferred crater 16. surface karst cave 17. boundary of volcanic facies 18. invasion facies 19. extrusive facies 20. explosive facies 21. explosive-collapse faceis 22. inferred covered karst area of the Lower Carboniferous

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图 2 梧桐山中部—东部地质图

1. 推测火山岩中岩溶发育区 2. 已验证火山岩中岩溶发育区 3. 人工填土 4. 洪积层 5. 冲积层 6. 热水洞组上段 7. 热水洞组下段 8. 测水组下段 9. 中上泥盆春湾组 10. 晚侏罗世二长花岗岩 11. 流纹岩 12. 流纹质凝灰岩 13. 熔结凝灰岩 14. 流纹质含角砾集块凝灰岩 15. 火山角砾岩 16. 含角砾集块凝灰熔岩 17. 英安质角砾集块岩 18. 花岗岩 19. 砂岩 20. 粉砂质泥岩 21. 土层 22. 断裂及编号 23. 火山穹隆 24. 次级火山锥 25. 火山口 26. 推测火山口 27. 地表溶洞 28. 火山岩岩相分界线 29. 侵出相 30. 喷溢相 31. 爆发相 32. 爆发崩塌相 33. 推测的下石炭统隐伏岩溶区

Figure 2. Geologic map of the middle and east parts of Wutong Mountain

1. inferred karst development areas in volcanic rocks 2. verified karst development areas in volcanic rocks 3. artificial fill 4. diluvium 5. alluvium 6. upper member of the upper-middle Jurassic Reshuidong Formation 7. lower member of the upper-middle Jurassic Reshuidong Formation 8. lower member of the lower Carboniferous Cheshui Formation 9. upper-middle Devonian Chunwan Formation 10. adamellite of Late Jurassic 11. rhyolite 12. rhyolitic tuff 13. ignimbrite 14. rhyolite tuff with agglomerate angular gravel 15. volcanic breccia 16. tuff lava containing agglomerate angular gravel 17. Anglo American breccia agglomerate 18. granite 19. sandstone 20. silty mudstone 21. soil 22. fracture and numbering 23. volcanic dome 24. secondary volcanic cone 25. crater 26. inferred crater 27. surface karst cave 28. boundary of volcanic facies 29. invasion facies 30. extrusive facies 31. explosive facies 32. explosive-collapse facies 33. inferred lower Carboniferous karst area

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图 3 梧桐山东坡含大理岩集块火山岩成因分析图

1. 流纹岩 2. 流纹质凝灰岩 3. 熔结凝灰岩 4. 流纹质含角砾集块凝灰岩 5. 含角砾集块凝灰熔岩 6. 英安质角砾集块岩 7. 灰岩 8. 大理岩 9. 碳酸盐岩（示意） 10. 花岗岩 11. 断裂

Figure 3. Genesis of volcanic rocks containing marble agglomerate on the eastern slope in Wutong Mountain

1. rhyolite 2. rhyolitic tuff 3. ignimbrite 4. rhyolite tuff containing agglomerate angular gravel 5. tuff lava containing agglomerate angular gravel 6. Anglo American breccia agglomerate 7.limestone 8. marble 9. carbonate rock (schematic) 10. granite 11. fault

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图 4 火山碎屑岩中的大理岩与溶洞

a.盐田置换用地勘察揭露的大理岩块包裹体 b.云海学校勘察钻孔揭露的大理岩块体 c.望基湖溶洞口上部陡壁被包裹大理岩块体 d.望基湖挖孔桩揭露的溶洞

Figure 4. Marble blocks and caves in pyroclastic rocks

a. marble block inclusions exposed during the geotechnical investigation for Yantian Replacement Land Project b. marble block inclusions exposed during the geotechnical investigation for Yunhai school project c. marble blocks in pyroclastic rocks at the entrance of Wangjihu karst cave d. karst cave exposed by the excavation pile at Wangjihu

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图 5 已验证的岩溶区

1. 推测火山岩中岩溶发育区 2. 已验证火山岩中岩溶发育区 3. 岩相界线 4. 洪积层 5. 热水洞组下段 6. 爆发相 7. 爆发崩塌相 8. 断裂 9. 见溶洞钻孔 10. 见可溶岩集块钻孔 11. 未见可溶岩钻孔 12. 剖面线

Figure 5. Verified karst areas

1. inferred karst development areas in volcanic rocks 2. verified karst development areas in volcanic rocks 3. boundary of volcanic facies 4. diluvium 5. lower member of the upper-middle Jurassic Reshuidong Formation 6. explosive facies 7. explosive-collapse facies 8. fault 9. visible cave drilling 10. visible soluble rock drilling 11. no soluble rock drilling found 12. section line

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图 6 云海学校片区剖面图（2-2′）

1. 坡残积层 2. 洪积层 3. 热水洞组下段 4. 漂石土 5. 黏性土 6. 含集块角砾凝灰熔岩 7. 大理岩 8. 全强风化 9. 中微风化 10. 可溶岩 11. 溶洞 12. 断裂 13. 钻孔及分层深度 14. 地下水位线

Figure 6. Geological profile of Yunhai school(2-2′)

1. slope eluvium 2. diluvium; 3. lower member of the upper-middle Jurassic Reshuidong Formation 4. boulder soil 5. clay 6. tuff lava containing agglomerate angular gravel 7. marble 8. complete weathering 9. moderate-weak weathering 10. soluble rock 11. karst cave 12. fault 13. drilling hole and layered depth 14. groundwater level

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图 7 望基湖地表溶洞剖面图

1. 黏性土 2. 含集块角砾凝灰熔岩 3. 大理岩 4. 地下水位线 5. 断层

Figure 7. Profile of surface karst cave at Wangjihu

1. clay 2. tuff lava containing agglomerate angular gravel 3. marble 4. groundwater level 5. fault

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图 8 溶洞规模及岩溶发育方向分析图

1. 已验证火山岩岩溶区 2. 岩溶发育趋势线 3. 高度<2 m溶洞 4. 高度2~5 m溶洞 5. 高度>5 m溶洞 6. 断裂

Figure 8. Analysis of cave scale and karst development direction

1. verified karst development areas in volcanic rocks 2. trend line of karst development 3. cave with a height < 2 m 4. cave with a height between 2 m and 5 m 5. cave with a height > 5 m 6. fault

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图 9 溶洞数量和高度与埋深的关系

Figure 9. Number and height of karst caves and their burial depth

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图 10 溶洞数量和规模与高程的关系

Figure 10. Number and height of karst caves and their altitude

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表 1 梧桐山火山活动特征表

Table 1. Characteristics of volcanic activites in Wutong Mountain

地层	旋回	喷发韵律	火山岩相	主要岩性	平均爆发指数/%
J_2-3r²	第Ⅱ旋回上亚旋回	韵律6	侵出相	流纹岩	65
		韵律5	喷溢相	流纹质凝灰岩
		韵律4	喷溢相	熔结凝灰岩
J_2-3r¹	第Ⅱ旋回下亚旋回	韵律3	爆发相	流纹质含角砾集块凝灰岩	96
		韵律2	爆发崩塌相	含角砾集块凝灰熔岩、火山角砾岩
		韵律1	爆发溢流相	英安质含角砾集块岩

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表 2 可溶岩与溶洞统计表

Table 2. Statistics of soluble rocks and karst caves

片区	钻孔见可溶岩率/%	可溶岩埋深/m		可溶岩厚度/m		可溶岩顶面高程/m		钻孔见洞隙率/%	可溶岩溶蚀率^（1）/%	溶洞顶埋深/m		溶洞厚度/m		洞顶高程/m
片区	钻孔见可溶岩率/%	范围	平均	范围	平均	范围	平均	钻孔见洞隙率/%	可溶岩溶蚀率^（1）/%	范围	平均	范围	平均	范围	平均
云海学校	36.9	8.5~65.1	42.1	0.4~13.4	4.5	39.3~175.7	100.9	11.0	32.5	19.7~57.2	45.0	0.4~8.6	3.6	51.9~157.2	89.6
望基湖	13.6	3.8~36.7	17.2	0.3~12.9	3.0	17.0~97.1	48.2	5.5	41.9	3.8~36.1	16.1	0.2~6.9	2.1	17.1~97.1	46.0
全部	24.5	3.8~65.1	33.7	0.3~13.4	3.99	16.98~175.69	83.0	9.5	34.9	3.8~57.2	32.3	0.2~8.6	2.9	17.09~157.18	70.3
注：（1）可溶岩溶蚀率=钻孔揭露溶洞总厚度/钻孔揭露可溶岩总厚度。

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