岩溶塌陷防治水气压力平衡技术试验研究

马骁; 周志华; 郑志文; 李秀娟; 蒋小珍; 魏平新; 廖忠浈; 潘宗源

doi:10.11932/karst20250513

岩溶塌陷防治水气压力平衡技术试验研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20250513

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/中国地质调查局岩溶塌陷防治创新中心/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
2.
广东省地质环境监测总站, 广东广州 510510

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(42077273)；广东省政府采购项目(DHZZ2025037)

详细信息

作者简介:
马骁（1994－），男，硕士，助理研究员，主要从事岩溶地质灾害防治研究。E-mail：532329302@qq.com

通讯作者:
蒋小珍（1970－），女，博士，研究员，博士研究生导师，主要从事岩溶地质灾害防治研究。E-mail：511036641@qq.com。

中图分类号: P642.25
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-14
- 录用日期: 2025-10-16
- 修回日期: 2025-09-09
- 网络出版日期: 2026-01-13
- 刊出日期: 2025-10-25

Experimental study on water-gas pressure balance technology for the prevention and control of karst collapses

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Innovation Center of Karst Collapse Prevention Technology, China Geological Survey/ International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
Guangdong Provincial Monitoring Center of Geological Environment,Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China

摘要

摘要: 为有效处治岩溶塌陷，平衡岩溶管道系统水气压力，文章将岩溶塌陷防治水气压力平衡技术作为研究目标，通过概化地质模型，建立2种规格的室内试验模型，探索不同通气孔直径与水位变化过程中产生的压力脉动及正负压关系。结果表明：平衡水气压力的通气孔孔径可分为三级（初级平衡孔径、有效平衡孔径、最优平衡孔径）；建立各级通气孔直径与空腔截面直径的比例对水气压力平衡的效应，得出实现完全平衡空腔内水气压力的通气孔平衡孔径与空腔截面直径比值应大于4.16%；并讨论水气压力平衡技术在实际岩溶区地面塌陷防治工作中钻孔孔径、布置方式及施工的具体要求，提出通气孔单孔的终孔直径或多个孔开孔直径之和应不小于4.16%平均岩溶溶洞高度，钻孔布置应重点考虑的4个方面以及钻孔成孔的5个要求。
- 岩溶塌陷 /
- 水位波动 /
- 压力脉动 /
- 通气孔径 /
- 模型试验 /
- 防治理论
Abstract: With the expansion and increasing scale of underground engineering projects in China, geological hazards in karst areas, particularly the frequent occurrence of karst collapses, have become a major concern. To effectively prevent and control karst collapses, scholars have conducted in-depth research on the treatment methods over many years, yielding significant results. However, research on the method of balancing the water-gas pressure within karst pipeline systems remains insufficient, lacking both theoretical support and practical application to actual karst areas.To further explore this theoretical model, this study focuses on water-gas pressure balance technology for the prevention and control of karst collapses. A generalized geological model was developed, and two different specifications of indoor physical test models were designed and established. High-precision, high-frequency fiber optic pressure sensors were utilized to monitor pressure variations inside simulated karst cavities under varying conditions of vent diameter, initial water level, and flow velocity. This study specifically examined pressure fluctuations within the simulated cavities during changes in water level and the pressure pulsations occurring during water level drawdown. The aim was to identify a vent diameter capable of eliminating these pressure pulsations and balancing the internal pressure of the cavity, thereby establishing a general method for determining the vent diameter. The results of experiments show that the vent diameter required to balance water-gas pressure within the cavity can be categorized into three levels: the primary balance vent diameter that can eliminate pressure pulsations caused by water level drop; the effective balance vent diameter that can significantly reduce negative pressure within the cavity; and the optimal balance vent diameter that can effectively balance the water-gas pressure within the cavity. By analyzing the relationship between the vent diameter at each level and the cavity section diameter, the correlation between these diameters was determined, and the ratio of the vent diameter at each level to the cavity section diameter was established. It was found that the ratio of the balance vent diameter to the diameter of cavity section for eliminating water and gas pressure pulsations should exceed 0.5%. If the water vapor pressure within the cavity is to significantly reduce, this ratio should exceed 1.25%. Besides, this ratio should exceed 4.16% to fully balance the water-gas pressure inside the cavity.Finally, the determination of the vent diameter for pressure regulation, layout methods, depth design, and drilling process requirements should be considered when the application of water-gas pressure balance technology in practical prevention and control of karst collapses are discussed. This aims to refine the water-gas pressure balance technology for karst collapses and provide a theoretical basis for prevention and control measures.
- karst collapse /
- water level fluctuations /
- pressure pulsation /
- vent diameter /
- model test /
- theroy on prevention and control

HTML

图 1 地质模型

Figure 1. Geological model

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图 2 室内试验模型

Figure 2. Indoor test model

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图 3 小型模拟岩溶空腔

Figure 3. Small-scale simulated karst cavity

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图 4 大型模拟岩溶空腔

Figure 4. Large-scale simulated karst cavity

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图 5 两种模拟岩溶空腔密闭条件水位下降水、气压力波动曲线

Figure 5. Curves of water-gas pressure fluctuation during water level decline in two types of simulated karst cavity under sealed conditions

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图 6 小型模拟岩溶空腔水气平衡试验数据

Figure 6. Experimental data on water-gas pressure balance in small-scale simulated karst cavity

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图 7 大型模拟岩溶空腔水气平衡试验数据

Figure 7. Experimental data on water-gas pressure balance in large-scale simulated karst cavity

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图 8 通气钻孔成孔示意图

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of ventilation drilling aperture

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图 9 通气钻孔孔口简图

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of ventilation drilling

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表 1 模拟岩溶空腔规格表

Table 1. Specifications of simulated karst cavity

模拟岩溶空腔	空腔体积/L	气孔最大直径/cm	进/出水口直径/cm	刻度线范围/cm	侧壁水压力传感器位置/cm
小型模拟岩溶空腔	18.9	1.0	2.0	0~30	3
大型模拟岩溶空腔	100.0	2.6	2.5	0~60	7

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表 2 小型模拟岩溶空腔水气平衡实验

Table 2. Experiment on water-gas pressure balance of small-scale simulated karst cavity

实验类型	初始/终止水位	出水状态	气孔直径/mm
水气平衡下降实验	初始水位分别为30、25、20、15、10 cm，每种初始水位实验进行10组及以上	半/全	0.6
		半/全	0.8
		半/全	1.0
		半/全	2.0
		半/全	3.0
		半/全	4.0
		半/全	10.0
水气平衡上升实验	终止水位为30 cm	/	10.0
注：为保证水位高于底部传感器，水位下降试验终止水位，水位上升试验初始水位均为5 cm。

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表 3 大型模拟岩溶空腔水气平衡实验

Table 3. Experiment on water-gas pressure balance of large-scale simulated karst cavity

实验类型	初始水位	出水状态	气孔直径/mm
水气平衡下降实验	初始水位分别为60、55、50、45、40、35、30、25、20、15 cm，每种初始水位实验进行10组及以上	半/全	1
		半/全	1.5
		半/全	1.8
		半/全	2.0
		半/全	3.0
		半/全	4.0
		半/全	5.0
		半/全	6.0
		半/全	7.0
		半/全	16.0
水气平衡上升实验	终止水位为60 cm	/	16.0
水气平衡上升实验	终止水位为60 cm	/	26.0
注：为保证水位高于底部传感器，水位下降试验终止水位、水位上升试验初始水位均为10 cm。

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