喀斯特关键带裂隙土壤水分时空变化特征及其水流路径

杨继翔; 张志才; 陈喜; 刘秀强; 谢永玉; 彭韬; 陈波

doi:10.11932/karst20250510

喀斯特关键带裂隙土壤水分时空变化特征及其水流路径

doi: 10.11932/karst20250510

杨继翔^1,,
张志才^{1, 2, ,},
陈喜³,
刘秀强³,
谢永玉⁴,
彭韬^{2, 5},
陈波⁶

1.
河海大学水文水资源学院, 江苏南京 210098
2.
中国科学院普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站, 贵州普定 562100
3.
天津大学地球系统科学学院, 天津 300072
4.
河海大学水灾害防御全国重点实验室, 江苏南京 210098
5.
中国科学院地球化学研究所, 贵州贵阳 550081
6.
普定县岩溶研究办公室, 贵州普定 562100

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42571044，42030506，41971028）；黔科合支撑项目（2023-190）

详细信息

作者简介:
杨继翔（2001－），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为岩溶流域水文物理规律。E-mail：1079868712@qq.com

通讯作者:
张志才（1980－），男，博士，教授，研究方向为岩溶水文学。E-mail：zhangzhicai_0@hhu.edu.cn。

中图分类号: S157.1
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- 文章访问数: 191
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-03-14
- 录用日期: 2025-08-29
- 修回日期: 2025-08-26
- 网络出版日期: 2026-01-13
- 刊出日期: 2025-10-25

Spatiotemporal variation characteristics and water flow path of soil moisture of the critical zones fissures in karst area

YANG Jixiang^1
,,
ZHANG Zhicai^{1, 2
, ,},
CHEN Xi³,
LIU Xiuqiang³,
XIE Yongyu⁴,
PENG Tao^{2, 5},
CHEN Bo⁶

1.
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
2.
Puding Karst Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Puding, Guizhou 562100, China
3.
School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
4.
The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
5.
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
6.
Puding County Karst Research Office, Puding, Guizhou 562100, China

摘要

摘要: 喀斯特关键带裂隙土壤水分动态及其控制因素是研究该区域生态水文过程的基础。文章针对喀斯特土—岩填充空间结构特征，在普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站建立了土壤—岩石裂隙水分观测系统，通过高时空分辨率的裂隙土壤水分观测，研究了喀斯特关键带中不同类型裂隙土壤水分的时空变化规律，结合降雨特征，揭示了其受降雨入渗过程的控制机理。结果表明：细小裂隙中土壤水分动态变化显著高于大裂隙中远离土—岩界面的土壤，其含水率高，具有较好的持水性，可为植被生长提供备用水源；降雨特征对降雨场次的裂隙土壤水分变化具有重要影响，单峰型降雨场次中各类型裂隙土壤含水率显著高于连续型降雨场次；受土—岩界面快速流通道影响，大裂隙的中、下层土壤含水率，以及中层细小裂隙土壤含水率对降雨的响应迅速；发育的岩石裂隙网络增加了裂隙与地表的连通性，加快了降雨入渗对裂隙的补给；降雨强度对水流路径具有调节作用，随雨强增加，土—岩界面的水文连通性升高，其在降雨入渗过程中的水分传输作用逐渐增强。
- 喀斯特关键带 /
- 裂隙土壤 /
- 土—岩填充结构 /
- 含水率 /
- 水流路径
Abstract: The dynamics of soil moisture in the critical karst zone fissures and their controlling factors form the foundation for studying ecological hydrological processes in this region. Analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture within soil-rock fill structures and elucidating the controlling effects of changes in water flow pathways will provide scientific basis for research on ecological hydrological processes in karst regions and the efficient utilization of water resources. The study area is located at the Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station in Guizhou Province, southwest China, situated on the watershed between the Yangtze River and Pearl River systems of the Guizhou Plateau. It is the core region of the southern Chinese karst landscape, which is one of the three major contiguous karst landform regions globally.In the study, representative critical karst zone soil-rock filling structure profiles were selected within the station, and a soil-rock fissure moisture observation system was established. Using moisture monitoring probes installed at different depths, high-resolution spatiotemporal observations of fissure soil moisture were conducted. By observing Soil Water Content (SWC) at different depth levels, soil-rock interface water content (S-R), and fine rock soil water content (RWC), the study investigated the spatiotemporal variation patterns of soil moisture in different types of fissures within the critical karst zone. By combining rainfall characteristics with the response patterns of fissure soil water content, the study revealed the control mechanisms of rainfall infiltration processes on fissure soil moisture. The results indicate that the dynamic changes in soil moisture in fine fissures are significantly higher than those in large fissures far from the soil-rock interface, with higher moisture content and better water-holding capacity, providing a reserve water source for vegetation growth. Due to the rapid infiltration influenced by the fissure network or soil-rock interface, fissure soils connected to rapid pathways in the critical karst zone can be rapidly replenished with moisture, exhibiting more intense moisture change dynamics. In contrast, soil in fissures controlled by slow infiltration exhibits slow water replenishment and relatively mild moisture dynamics. Additionally, rainfall infiltration pathways vary with dry-wet conditions and fissure development, further complicating the spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture in fissures. Rainfall characteristics significantly influence moisture changes in fissure soils during rainfall events. In single-peak rainfall events, moisture content in all types of fissure soils is significantly higher than in continuous rainfall events. Influenced by rapid flow channels at the soil-rock interface, the soil moisture content in the middle and lower layers of large fissures, as well as the soil moisture content in small fissures in the middle layer, respond rapidly to rainfall. The developed rock fissure network increases the connectivity between fissures and the surface, accelerating rainfall infiltration recharge to fissures. Rainfall intensity regulates water flow pathways. As rainfall intensity increases, the hydrological connectivity of the soil-rock interface rises, and its role in water transport process during rainfall infiltration gradually strengthens. Especially under heavy rainfall conditions, lateral hydrological connectivity within the soil-rock fissure system increases, and lateral water flow processes become a key controlling factor in the moisture dynamics of fissures soils.
- karst critical zone /
- fissure soils /
- soil-rock infill structures /
- water content /
- water flow path

HTML

图 1 研究区内土壤—岩石裂隙观测系统布设

注：SWC.溶槽土壤含水率，S-R.土−岩界面土壤含水率，RWC.细小裂隙土壤含水率。

Figure 1. Deployment of the soil-rock fissure observation system in the study area

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图 2 降雨量、SWC、S-R和RWC动态过程

Figure 2. Dynamic processes of the rainfall, SWC, S-R and RWC

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图 3 降雨场次降雨—裂隙土壤含水率响应特征

Figure 3. Response characteristics of rainfall-fissure soil water content in rainfall events

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图 4 降雨场次内SWC、S-R和RWC之间的相关系数热力图

Figure 4. Heat map of correlation coefficients among SWC, S-R and RWC during rainfall events

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图 5 两种降雨类型的下渗路径示意图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of infiltration paths for the two rainfall types

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表 1 各填充土壤深度对应的土壤质地、容重、土壤水分常数（凋萎系数、饱和含水率和饱和导水率）调查统计结果

Table 1. Statistics of the survey results of soil texture, bulk weight, and soil moisture constants (wilting coefficient, saturated water content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity) corresponding to each filled-soil depth

土壤深度/ cm	土壤质地	黏土占比（＜0.002 mm）	粉砂占比（0.002~0.05 mm）	沙土占比（＞0.05 mm）	容重/ g·cm⁻³	凋萎系数	饱和含水率	饱和导水率/ m·d⁻¹
5（地表）	粉质黏土壤	37.56	50.29	12.15	0.96	0.12	0.57	0.92
50	粉质黏土	40.25	51.07	8.68	1.05	0.12	0.55	0.56
100	粉质黏土	41.50	51.59	6.91	1.08	0.12	0.54	0.47
150	粉质黏土	43.82	52.36	3.82	1.14	0.13	0.53	0.32
200	粉质黏土壤	35.53	56.75	7.72	1.11	0.12	0.52	0.41

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表 2 岩石裂隙深度、裂隙数目（填土裂隙数目）和裂隙开度调查统计

Table 2. Survey satistics of rock fissure depth, number of fissures (number of filled fissures) and fissure opening

钻眼编号	最大钻井深度/cm	裂隙数目	裂隙开度/mm
1	62	4	0.29~6.45
2	82	5
3	75	5
4	110	4
5	147	8
6	180	14
7	268	13
8	320	15

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表 3 不同深度的SWC、S-R和RWC的平均值、标准差和变异系数

Table 3. Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of SWC, S-R and RWC at different depths

深度层次	全年			雨季（生长季）			枯季（非生长季）
深度层次	平均值	标准差	变异系数	平均值	标准差	变异系数	平均值	标准差	变异系数
SWC 0~100 cm	0.26	0.045	0.171	0.28	0.039	0.136	0.24	0.039	0.163
SWC 100~200 cm	0.14	0.051	0.364	0.17	0.049	0.285	0.11	0.024	0.225
SWC 200 cm 及以深	0.24	0.046	0.193	0.26	0.045	0.170	0.21	0.029	0.137
S-R 0~100 cm	0.19	0.077	0.410	0.21	0.070	0.325	0.16	0.073	0.459
S-R 100~200 cm	0.14	0.054	0.377	0.17	0.053	0.309	0.11	0.034	0.304
RWC 0~100 cm	0.20	0.070	0.341	0.24	0.079	0.330	0.17	0.033	0.192
RWC 100~200 cm	0.28	0.072	0.254	0.33	0.057	0.171	0.23	0.047	0.203
RWC 200 cm 及以深	0.14	0.068	0.469	0.18	0.072	0.390	0.10	0.027	0.256

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表 4 各降雨场次降雨特征值、裂隙土壤含水率响应时间统计结果

Table 4. Statistics of rainfall eigenvalues and the response time of fissure soil water content for each rainfall event

降雨类型	场次时间	场次编号	最大小时降雨量/mm	降雨历时/h	平均雨强/ mm·h⁻¹	累计降雨量/ mm	平均响应时间/h
降雨类型	场次时间	场次编号	最大小时降雨量/mm	降雨历时/h	平均雨强/ mm·h⁻¹	累计降雨量/ mm	SWC	S-R	RWC
单峰型降雨	2022.4.29-2022.5.1	1	20.8	7	4.80	33.6	1.0	0.5	5.0
	2022.8.29-2022.8.31	5	26.2	7	6.31	44.2	1.0	1.0	1.0
	2023.4.19-2023.4.21	6	13.0	11	3.34	36.7	2.0	0.5	2.0
	2023.6.17-2023.6.20	7	53.0	14	13.89	194.4	1.3	0.5	2.3
	2023.7.3-2023.7.5	8	10.0	12	2.09	25.1	5.0	4.0	6.0
	2023.8.6-2023.8.8	10	21.4	11	3.33	36.6	2.0	1.0	2.0
	2023.8.22-2023.8.24	11	41.4	17	3.71	63.0	2.3	1.0	5.5
	2023.8.26-2023.8.28	12	36.5	18	3.43	61.7	2.0	1.0	2.0
连续型降雨	2022.5.8-2022.5.10	2	6.8	18	1.71	30.8	6.0	5.0	17.0
	2022.5.21-2022.5.25	3	4.0	30	1.45	43.4	6.0	6.0	18.0
	2022.8.5-2022.8.7	4	7.2	20	1.67	33.4	14.7	13.0
	2023.7.18-2023.7.20	9	4.8	24	1.62	38.8	20.3	5.0	16.0

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