贵州花溪高坡岩溶台地分水岭水文地貌特征及发育演化研究

罗书文; 毛永琴; 吴克华; 高占东; 王慧澄; 王德远; 孙燕; 邓亚东; 张弘智

doi:10.11932/karst20240501

贵州花溪高坡岩溶台地分水岭水文地貌特征及发育演化研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20240501

罗书文^{1, 2,},
毛永琴^{1, 2,},
吴克华^{1, 2},
高占东^{1, 2},
王慧澄^{1, 2},
王德远^{1, 2},
孙燕^{1, 2},
邓亚东³,
张弘智^{1, 2}

1.
贵州省山地资源研究所, 贵州贵阳 550001
2.
贵州省喀斯特洞穴(旅游)资源开发利用工程技术研究中心, 贵州贵阳 550001
3.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所, 广西桂林 541004

基金项目: 黔科合基础([2020]1Y159)；黔科合支撑[2023]一般200；国家自然科学基金(42262002)；贵州省2022年度高层次创新人才项目黔委人领办发（[2022]3号）

详细信息

作者简介:
罗书文（1978－），男，硕士，高级工程师，从事岩溶水文地貌、洞穴等地质遗迹和岩溶环境研究。E-mail：luoshuwen6700167@126.com

毛永琴（1977－），女，博士，助理研究员，从事地层古生物与地质地貌研究。E-mail：maoyongqingy@126.com

中图分类号: P931.5；P641
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- 文章访问数: 113
- HTML浏览量: 17
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-06-20
- 录用日期: 2024-09-04
- 修回日期: 2024-09-03
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-25

Research on hydrogeomorphologic characteristics and evolution of the watershed on the Gaopo karst tableland in Huaxi of Guizhou

LUO Shuwen^{1, 2
,},
MAO Yongqin^{1, 2
,},
WU Kehua^{1, 2},
GAO Zhandong^{1, 2},
WANG Huicheng^{1, 2},
WANG Deyuan^{1, 2},
SUN Yan^{1, 2},
DENG Yadong³,
ZHANG Hongzhi^{1, 2}

1.
Guizhou Institute of Mountain Research, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
2.
Guizhou Engineering and Technology Research Center for Karst Cave (Tourism) Resources Development and Utilization, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
3.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, Guanxi 541004, China

摘要

摘要: 为了探讨贵州花溪高坡岩溶高原台地分水岭水文地貌特征及形成机制，文章通过实地调查区内地质构造、岩性、地貌空间展布特征，结合区内水系特征，运用岩溶水文地貌学理论探讨其发育与演化。结果表明：①高坡岩溶台地坡立谷、边缘坡立谷、峰林谷地、岛状峰丛和岩溶洞穴等岩溶地貌较为发育，展现出层状结构特征；②峰林谷地主要发育在独木河与摆金河之间的分水岭区域；③地貌由分水岭向排泄基面呈峰林谷地→峰丛洼地→谷地（或孤峰）的展布特征。分析认为：①裂隙、节理与断裂等构造是控制区内谷地向北东、东南走向的主导因素，碳酸盐岩和非碳酸盐岩地层空间展布对岩溶地貌形态具有一定决定作用，地壳抬升是塑造层状地貌结构的直接动力；②区内岩溶台地地貌形成演化是随台地水文结构演变而演进，在地质历史过程中，台地水系受周围河流溯源侵蚀影响，由边缘向中心解体；③在此过程，高坡岩溶台地岩溶地貌经历了：石牙－湖泊、峰丛洼地、峰林谷地和台地地貌系统退化消亡等4个时期。
- 岩溶高原台地 /
- 分水岭 /
- 水文地貌 /
- 高坡
Abstract: In order to explore the hydrogeomorphologic characteristics and formation mechanism of the watershed on the Gaopo karst tableland in Huaxi, Guizhou, this study investigates the spatial distribution of geological structure, lithology and geomorphology, in conjunction with the hydrological characteristics of the study area. It employs the theory of karst hydrogeomorphology to discuss the development of these characteristics. The results indicate: (1) The karst landforms of the Gaopo karst tableland, including poljes, edge poljes, peak-forest valleys, island peak clusters and karst caves, are well developed and exhibit layered structural characteristics. (2) The peak-forest valley is mainly developed in the watershed area between the Dumu river and the Baijin river. (3) The landform transitions from the watershed to the drainage base, displaying a spatial distribution pattern of peak-forest valley→peak-cluster depression→valley (or isolated peak).The analysis shows that fractures, joints and faults are the dominant factors controlling the northeastward and southeastward trend of the valley in the study area. Spatial distributions of carbonate rocks and non-carbonate strata play a certain decisive role in karst geomorphology. On the Gaopo karst tableland in Huaxi, there is an erosion base at Grade-5 in the valley and at the transition end of the broad anticline, but not in the watershed area. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that the crust began to rise again before the river tractive erosion in a certain period spread to the study area. In the broad anticline area, the tractive erosion path of the previous period spread to the center area, so only a Grade-4 erosion base was formed in the study area. Based on the layered geomorphic structure, it can be seen that from the center to the edge of the tableland and then to the valley, there is a turning point in the erosion base at the edge of tableland. In addition, the erosion base of each grade from the anticlinal transition end to the anticlinal center (from the edge to the center of tableland) is relatively stable with small hydraulic gradients, but the hydraulic gradients in erosion bases from the transition end to the synclinal valley are much larger than those on the anticline. Therefore, in the process of drainage from the center to the edge of tableland and then to the valley, there is also a turning point for the groundwater level as well as the surface water level of Gaopo karst tableland at its edge. As a result, the flowing rates of both the surface runoff and groundwater runoff on the box anticlinal karst tableland are slow, or the runoffs are transformed into karst lakes and pools inside the box anticlinal karst tableland, whose side erosion is strong, forming karst landforms of peak-forest plain, peak-forest valley, etc. However, with the gradual strengthening of traceable erosion, the turning point also gradually retreated to the center of the tableland, and finally the groundwater level of the tableland disappeared. With the retreat of the turning point, the groundwater level gradually decreased, the saturation zone gradually thickened, and the movement of surface water and groundwater shifted from the horizontal to the vertical. As a result, a large number of depressions, funnels, sinkholes and vertical shafts were developed on the surface.Therefore, it is believed that the formation and evolution of karst geomorphology in the watershed area of the Gaopo karst tableland in Huaxi are closely linked to the development of platform hydrological structure. Throughout geological history, the platform water system has been affected by the tractive erosion caused by surrounding rivers, leading to the disintegration of the surface hydrological network from the edges toward the center of the platform. In this process, the karst geomorphology of the Gaopo karst tableland experienced four stages: stone clint-lake, peak-cluster depression, peak-forest valley and the degradation and extinction of platform geomorphology system.
- karst tableland /
- watershed /
- hydrogeomorphology /
- the Gaopo karst tableland

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图 1 研究区地质概况

1.泥盆系中统 2.泥盆系上统 3.石炭系中上统 4.石炭系下统摆佐组 5.石炭系下统大塘阶 6.石炭系下统一段 7.石炭系下统大塘阶至摆佐组 8.石炭系下统严关阶 9.二叠系中统 10.二叠系上统 11.三叠系下统二段 12.三叠系下统 13.三叠系中统一段 14.三叠系中统二段 15.三叠系上统 16.岩层产状 17.逆断层 18.性质不明断层 19.正断层 20.地层线 21.地表河流 22.地下河 23.落水洞 24.泉水 25.径流方向 26.地下河出入口 27.地名 28.研究区 29.向斜 30.背斜

Figure 1. Geological overview of the study area

1. Middle Devonian System 2. Upper Devonian System 3. Middle Upper Carboniferous System 4. Baizuo Formation of Lower Carboniferous 5. Datang Stage of Lower Carboniferous System 6. the first member of Lower Carboniferous System 7. Datang Stage to Baizuo Formation of Lower Carboniferous System 8. Yanguan Stage of Lower Carboniferous System 9. Middle Permian System 10. Upper Permian System 11.the second member of Lower Triassic System 12. Lower Triassic System 13.the first member of Middle Triassic System 14. the second member of Middle Triassic System 15. Upper Triassic System 16. occurrence of rock strata 17. reverse fault 18. unknown fault 19. normal fault 20. stratigraphic line 21. surface river 22. underground river 23. sinkhole 24. spring 25. runoff direction 26. entrance and outlet of the underground river 27. place name 28. the study area 29. syncline 30. anticline

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图 2 峰丛洼地与峰林谷地展布特征

Figure 2. Distribution characteristics of peak-cluster depression and peak-forest valley

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图 3 甲定东侧谷地石牙地貌示意图

1.节理 2.土壤 3.石牙 4.碳酸盐岩 5.落水洞 6.植被

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of clint geomorphology in east Jiading valley

1. joint 2. soil 3. clint 4. carbonate rock 5. sinkhole 6. vegetation

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图 4 甲定边缘坡立谷剖面图

1.节理 2.碳酸盐岩 3.植被 4. 石炭系下统大唐阶 5.石炭系下统摆佐组 6.石炭系下统严关阶 7.房屋 8.洞穴 9.地下河及方向 10.土壤 11.非碳酸盐岩夹层

Figure 4. Section of the polje at the edge of Jiading village

1. joint 2. carbonate rock 3. vegetation 4. Datang stage of lower Carboniferous system 5. Baizuo formation of lower Carboniferous system 6. Yanguan stage of lower Carboniferous system 7.House 8. Cave 9. Underground river and its direction 10. soil 11. interlayer of non-carbonate rock

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图 5 峰丛洼地地貌

1.节理 2.碳酸盐岩 3.植被 4.土壤

Figure 5. Geomorphology of peak-cluster depression

1. joint 2. carbonate rock 3. vegetation 4.soil

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图 6 峰林和谷地地貌景观

Figure 6. Geomorphic landscape of peak-forest and valley

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图 7 坡立谷及峰林地貌剖面

1.节理 2.碳酸盐岩 3.植被 4.泉点 5.石炭系下统摆佐组 6.石炭系下统大塘阶 7.洞穴 8.地下河及方向 9.土壤 10.村寨 11.非碳酸盐岩夹层

Figure 7. Geomorphology of polje and peak-forest

1. joint 2. Carbonate rock 3. vegetation 4. spring point 5. Baizuo formation of lower Carboniferous system 6. Datang stage of lower Carboniferous system 7. cave 8. Underground river and its direction 9. soil 10. village 11. interlayer of non-carbonate rock

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图 8 龙打岩谷地内落水洞发育情况

Figure 8. Development of sinkhole in Longdayan valley

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图 9 龙打岩洞洞穴图（洞穴图据高占冬，毛永琴，周文龙，2020，改）

1.洞道边界 2.石块 3.洞穴横截面 4.化石 5.季节性池水 6.陡坎 7.缓坡 8.卵石 9.常年池水 10.黏土 11.主要洞口注：（1）脊椎动物化石:a.牛、b.野猪、c.犀牛、d.剑齿象（2）无脊椎动物化石

Figure 9. Map of Longdayan cave (Modified according to Gao Zhandong, Mao Yongqin & Zhou Wenlong, 2020)

1. cave boundary 2. rock 3. cross-section of the cave 4. fossil 5. seasonal pool water 6. steep slope 7. gentle slope 8. pebble 9. perennial pool water 10. clay 11. main entrance of the cave Note: (1) vertebrate fossils, a. cattle, b. wild boar, c. rhinoceros, d. stegodon (2) invertebrate fossilsNote: (1) vertebrate fossils, a. cattle, b. wild boar, c. rhinoceros, d. stegodon (2) invertebrate fossils

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图 10 区内褶皱展布图

A:1.断层 2.村 2.乡镇 3.县城 5.背斜 6.向斜B:1.泥盆系中统独山组 2.泥盆系上统 3.石炭系下统严关阶 4.石炭系下统大塘阶 5.石炭系下统摆佐组 6.石炭系中上统 7.二叠系中统 8.三叠系下统 9.第三系 10.第四系 11.研究区

Figure 10. Fold layout in the area

A:1. fault 2. village 2. town and village 3. county 5. anticline 6. syncline B:1. Dushan formation of Middle Devonian system 2. Upper Devonian system, 3. Yanguan stage of Carboniferous system 4. Datangian stage of lower Carboniferous system 5. Baizuo formation of lower Carboniferous system 6. middle upper Carboniferous system 7. middle Permian system 8. lower Triassic system 9. Tertiary system 10. Quaternary system 11. the study area

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图 11 节理与谷地发育方向统计玫瑰图

Figure 11. Statistical comparison between the development direction of joint and valley

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图 12 台地两侧河流阶地与台地峰丛洼地结构图

A:1.节理 2.碳酸盐岩 3.植被 4.土壤 5.洞穴 6.洼地层次 7.残留边槽状洞穴 C：1.河流阶地 2.河流 3.泥砾 4.亚黏土 5.亚砂土 6.砾石 7.基岩 8.植被

Figure 12. Structures of river terrace and peak-cluster depression in the area

A:1. joint 2. carbonate rock 3. vegetation 4. soil 5. cave 6. depression level 7. residual edge cave C: 1. river terrace 2. river 3. mud gravel 4. sub-clay 5. sub-sandy soil 6. gravel 7. bedrock 8. vegetation

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图 13 水系展布特征

Figure 13. Features of water system distribution

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图 14 侵蚀基面及动力示意图

A：1.一级侵蚀基面 2.二级侵蚀基面 3.三级侵蚀基面 4.四级侵蚀基面 5.五级侵蚀基面 B：1.降水 2.地下径流；3.地下水位后退方向 5.地下水位 6.基岩 7.地表剖面线

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of erosion base and dynamics

A: 1. primary erosion base surface 2. secondary erosion base surface 3. tertiary erosion base surface 4. fourth erosion base surface 5. fifth erosion base surface B: 1. precipitation 2. underground runoff 3. receding direction of groundwater table 5. underground water table 6. bed rock 7. surface profile line

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图 15 区内岩溶台地水文地貌形成演化示意图

1.碳酸盐岩 2.降水 3.地下水径流方向 4.地下水位 5.裂隙和节理 6.地表河 7.脚洞 8.地表湖泊 9.洞穴

Figure 15. Development and evolution of karst hydrogeomorphology in the area

1. carbonate rock 2. precipitation 3.direction of groundwater runoff 4. water table 5. fissure and joint 6. surface river 7. foot cave 8. surface lake 9. cave

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表 1 区内岩层与地貌景观对比

Table 1. Comparison of rock strata and geomorphic landscape in the area

地层			岩性	地貌
石炭系	下统	大塘阶 (C₁d )	灰白色中厚层至薄层石英砂岩深灰色砂质页岩、黑色炭质页岩，夹 1~4层煤线或煤层	洼地、缓丘、边缘坡立谷
	下统	摆佐组(C₁b )	厚层灰岩夹白云岩，局部夹燧石条带及泥质灰岩	峰丛洼地、峰林谷地、坡立谷、石牙、溶洞、地下河
	中上统	黄龙、马平群 (C₂h-C₃m)	厚层块状中粗晶白云岩、灰岩、白云岩质灰岩	峰丛洼地、峰林谷地
二叠系	中统	栖霞组和茅口组 (P₂q-m)	深灰色至浅灰色厚层块状灰岩夹燧石灰岩	竖井、漏斗、落水洞、岩溶峡谷、峰林、峰丛、溶洞、泉、瀑布、地下河

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