土耳其岩溶地质概况

秦正峰; 许琦; 谢银财; 毕雪丽

doi:10.11932/karst20240413

土耳其岩溶地质概况

doi: 10.11932/karst20240413

秦正峰^{1, 2,},
许琦^{1, 2, ,},
谢银财^{1, 2},
毕雪丽^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
2.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406

基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20221808）；广西自然科学基金项目(2021GXNSFBA220065)

详细信息

作者简介:
秦正峰（1992－），男，研究实习员，从事水文地质、境外编图等研究工作。E-mail：1554310026@qq.com

通讯作者:
许琦（1984－），男，高级工程师，主要从事水文地质、境外编图等研究工作。E-mail：xuqimail@foxmail.com。

中图分类号: P642.25
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-04-11
- 录用日期: 2024-06-28
- 修回日期: 2024-06-26
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-31

Overview of karst geology in Turkey

QIN Zhengfeng^{1, 2
,},
XU Qi^{1, 2
, ,},
XIE Yincai^{1, 2},
BI Xueli^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS /Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GAZR/ International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China

摘要

摘要: 土耳其岩溶分布面积约占其国土面积的40%，发育典型的地中海气候类型岩溶，根据构造特征，从北向南分为四个不同的岩溶区，其中托罗斯山脉是土耳其乃至地中海地区最大、最为发育的岩溶区，具有很高的研究价值。文章在系统收集地质、构造及水文地质等资料基础上，编制1∶100 万土耳其岩溶地质图，分析了影响岩溶发育的因素，总结了土耳其岩溶分布规律、主要岩溶现象及资源开发利用现状，为“全球岩溶地质”数据库建设和服务全球岩溶大科学计划提供支撑。
- 土耳其 /
- 岩溶地质 /
- 岩溶分布 /
- 洞穴 /
- 岩溶泉
Abstract: Turkey is distributed with karst up to about 40% of its land area, in which karst is developed under typical Mediterranean climate. According to the structural characteristics, Turkey is divided into four different karst areas from north to south, among which the Taurus mountains is the largest and most developed karst area in this country and even in the Mediterranean region; therefore, karst in Turkey is of high research value. Based on the systematic collection of geological, structural and hydrogeological data, this study compiles a 1∶100,000,000 karst geological map of Turkey, analyzes the factors affecting karst development, and summarizes the distribution law of karst in Turkey, the main karst phenomena and the current situation of resource exploitation and utilization.Many external and internal factors contribute to the type and the degree of karstification of carbonate rocks. However, the basic fact is that the geological structure, the orogeny, and the connected tectonics provide the basic framework that permits, enhances, or impedes the processes of karstification. The Alpineorogeny and the following epiorogenic movements in Turkey have become important factors in karstification. This type of karstification of carbonate rocks is distributed almost everywhere in Turkey.According to the structural characteristics, karst areas in Turkey can be divided into four units: the karst area of the Taurus mountains, the karst area of southeast Anatolia, the karst area of central Anatolia, and the karst area of northwest Anatolia. The region of the Taurus mountains is the largest and most developed karst area in Turkey and even in the entire Mediterranean region. Carbonate rocks developed from the Cambrian to the Neogene are mainly distributed in Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata, and are the most developed in the Jurassic and Cretaceous strata. In some places, the total thickness of carbonate rocks is more than 1,500 m. The most notable karst geomorphic features are karst caves, sinkholes, dissolution funnels, poljes, karst depressions, karst canyons, karst springs, underground rivers or lakes and submarine springs. From the Mesozoic to the Holocene, limestone was deposited by thrust-nappe effect on the strata with extremely low permeability such as schist, sandstone, shale, etc. Numerous fractures generated by tectonic movements became water channels. Many large-scale karst springs composed of Mesozoic limestone, Tertiary limestone and conglomerate were developed on the contact surface between limestone and impermeable strata, which made the area home to the world’s largest karst aquifer and karst hot springs.Carbonate caves in Turkey are mainly concentrated in the Taurus mountains near the Mediterranean Sea, the central and western karst areas of the Black Sea, and the karst areas of Thrace. Although gypsum caves are developed in the central region of Anatolia, the number is limited and the scale is small. Due to differences in geological and climatic conditions, caves in the Mediterranean region and caves in the Black Sea region show different morphological characteristics.(1) The karst area of Thrace is dominated by ancient karst, with single-layer horizontal caves at altitudes of 40–60 m and multi-layer horizontal caves at altitudes of 240–450 m.(2) Dolomite and volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the karst area of the western Black Sea, in which karst is not developed vertically and multi-stage horizontal caves are mainly developed below the altitude of 350 m.(3) Vertical caves are mainly developed in the karst area of central Black Sea, some of which are more than 200-meter deep, but the deepest cave is less than 300 m, due to the thin limestone thickness.(4) In the karst area of the Taurus mountains near the Mediterranean Sea, overthrust faults are developed, and the thicknesses of carbonate rocks in some areas are more than 1,000 m, in which vertical caves are mostly developed. Both the longest cave and the deepest one in Turkey are located in this karst area.By the end of 2019, there were 52 caves in Turkey with a depth of more than 200 m, 43 of which were located in the karst area of the Taurus mountains near the Mediterranean Sea, and 7 in the karst area of central Black Sea. There were 62 caves with a length of more than 1,000 m, 34 of which were located in the karst area of the Taurus mountains near the Mediterranean Sea, 16 in the karst areas of central and western Black Sea and Thrace.Turkey is rich in karst resources such as marble, geothermal, oil, natural gas, etc., and it has abundant karst landscapes including large springs, caves, canyons, and travertine. The potential for development and utilization is vast, and there is an urgent need to conduct detailed karst hydrogeological surveys.
- Turkey /
- karst geology /
- karst distribution /
- cave /
- karst spring

HTML

图 1 土耳其地理及构造简图（修改自Erdin Bozkurt^[47]和Raja^[48]）

Figure 1. Geography and structure map of Turkey (Modified from Erdin Bozkurt^[47]和Raja^[48])

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图 2 土耳其岩溶地质图

Figure 2. Karst geological map of Turkey

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图 3 土耳其岩溶分区图（修改自Eroskay^[61]和Gültekin^[62]）

Figure 3. Karst distribution in Turkey (Modified from Eroskay^[61]和Gültekin^[62])

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图 4 托罗斯山脉大型落水洞^[1]

Figure 4. Large sinkholes in the Taurus mountains^[1]

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图 5 边缘褶皱带的岩溶地貌^[20]

Figure 5. Karst landforms of marginal fold belts^[20]

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图 6 Sivas省石膏岩溶^[22]

Figure 6. Gypsum karst in Sivas Province^[22]

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图 7 黑海山脉地区的坡立谷^[66]

Figure 7. A polje in the mountainous area of western Black Sea^[66]

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图 8 Dumanlı泉（https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-015-4298-6/figures/3）

Figure 8. Dumanlı spring

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图 9 棉花堡钙华（https://cn.bing.com/images/search?q=%e6%a3%89%e8%8a%b1%e5%a0%a1&form=HDRSC2&first=1）

Figure 9. Travertine in Pamukkale

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图 10 Köprülü峡谷（https://antalyatouristinformation.com/things-to-do/canyon/koprulu/）

Figure 10. Köprülü canyon

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图 11 Karapinar地区塌陷坑^[7]

Figure 11. Sinkholes in the Karapinar area^[7]

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图 12 托罗斯山脉Altınbeşik 洞穴（https://en.antaliy.com/altinbesik-cave/）

Figure 12. Altınbeşik cave in the Taurus mountains

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表 1 托罗斯山脉岩溶区大型岩溶泉的分布及其平均流量^[64]

Table 1. Distribution of large karst springs and their average flow rates in the karst area of Taurus^[64]

省份	泉名称	流量/m³·s⁻¹
lzmir	Halkapınar Spring	1.2
lzmir	Bakrçay plain springs	1.2
Aydin	K. Menderes plain springs	2.0
Aydin	B. Menderes plain springs	1.0
Antalya	Finike-Tekke and Salur Springs	3.0
Antalya	Elmalı-Akçay-Demre plains springs	7.0
Antalya	Bogaçay plain springs	2.5
Antalya	Kırkgöz Springs	20.0
Antalya	Düdenbası Spring (underground river)	10.0
Antalya	Dumanlı	50.0
Isparta	Hoyran, Gelendost-Yalvaç plains springs	1.0
Afyon	Akarçay basin springs	1.5
lçel	Gilindire-Soguksu spring and Gözce plain springs	2.0
lçel	Silifke and Erdemli Springs	5.0
Maras	Maras plains springs	8.0
Maras	Göksun plain springs	8.0
Hatay	Asi basin springs	3.0
Mus	Mus plain springs	0.8

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表 2 土耳其最长的几个洞穴（截止到2020年）^[1]

Table 2. Longest caves of Turkey (by the end of 2020)^[1]

洞穴名称	省份	长度/m
Pınargözü Cave	Yenisarbademli, Isparta	8 500
Insuyu Cave	Burdur	8 350
Tilkiler Cave	Manavgat, Antalya	6 818
Kızılelma Cave	Zonguldak	6 630
Yaylacık-Inilti Pazan System	Gündogmus, Antalya	5 929
Bulak Mencilis Cave	Karabük, Safanbolu	5 250
Altınbesik Cave	Akseki, Ürünlü,Antalya	5 119
Ayvaini Cave	Ayvaköy, Bursa	4 866
lkigöz Cave	Catalca, Istanbul	4 816
Morca Sinkhole	Anamur, lcel	4 068
Yazören Cave	Yazören, Balikesir	3 554
Cukurpiar Sinkhole	Anamur, lçel	3 350
Gökgöl Cave	Erçek, Zonguldak	3 350
Kuzgun Sinkhole	Nigde	3 187
Dupnisa Cave	Sarpdere, Kırklareli	3 150
Peynirlikönü Sinkhole	Anamur, lçel	3 118
Düdenagzı Sinkhole	Basyayla, Karaman	2 528
Susuz Cave	Seydisehir, Konya	2 303
Tınaztepe Caves	Seydisehir, Konya	2 195
Kızılin Cave	Burdur	2 176
Saçayagı Cave	Gazipasa, Antalya	2 125

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表 3 土耳其最深的几个洞穴（截止到2020年）^[1]

Table 3. Deepest caves of Turkey (by the end of 2020)^[1]

洞穴名称	省份	深度/m
Peynirlikönü Sinkhole	Anamur, lçel	1 429
Kuzgun Sinkhole	Nigde	1 400
Morca Sinkhole	Anamur, lçel	1 210
Cukurpmar Sinkhole	Anamur, lçel	1 196
Kuyukule Sinkhole	Dedegöl, Isparta	832
Kes Sinkhole	Kahramanmaras	728
Subatagi Sinkhole	Yahyal, Kayseri	643
Sütlük Sinkhole	Pozanti, Adana	640
Düdenagzı Sinkhole	Basyayla, Karaman	612
Cem Sinkhole	Tomarza, Kayseri	605
Yılanlıyurt Sinkhole	Aladag	603
Yaylacık -Inilti Pazan System	Gündogmus, Antalya	595
Kocadag Sinkhole	Anasultan, Kütahya	458
Pınargözü Cave	Yenisarbademli, Isparta	440
Düdenyayla Sinkhole	Beysehir, Konya	416
Athar Sinkhole	Gözne, lçel	410
Camlıköy Sinkhole	Pozantı, Adana	379
Macar Sinkhole	Gazipasa, Antalya	356
Bucakalan Sinkhole	Akseki, Antalya	345
Ölü Köpek Sinkhole	Akseki, Cevizli,Antalya	340
Düdencik Sinkhole	Akseki, Cevizli, Antalya	330

下载: 导出CSV

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