Reconstruction of karst paleo-geomorphology and paleo-water system on the top of Maokou formation in Yuanba area, northern Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 川北元坝地区茅口组碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育，但该套储层非均质性强，储层预测有较大困难，需要进一步恢复岩溶古地貌、古水系，从而掌握储层分布规律，指导下一步油气勘探开发。文章选用残厚法恢复了元坝地区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌，并结合现代岩溶学和岩溶动力学理论，划分了岩溶台地、岩溶缓坡地、岩溶平原和岩溶盆地4类二级地貌单元。应用现代岩溶分类方法，根据微地貌组合形态，划分了6类三级地貌单元，并对古水系进行了刻画。分析认为元坝地区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌属岩溶地貌形成演化的初期阶段，不同地貌位置岩溶发育有较大差异，岩溶缓坡地属地下水径流区，水动力条件最强，孔洞最发育，是下一步储层勘探方向。Abstract: The carbonate karst reservoir of Maokou formation is developed in the Yuanba area, northern Sichuan Basin. However, it is difficult to predict this set of reservoir because of its strong heterogeneity. Therefore, for the guidance of future oil and gas exploration and development, it is necessary for us to further restore karst paleo-geomorphology and paleo-water system so as to master the law of reservoir distribution. In order to better depict the micro karst landform, the ''the trend surface of residual thickness and impression residual" are combined to restore the ancient landform. According to the characteristics of karst paleo-geomorphology on the top of Maokou Formation in Yuanba area and the thickness from the top of Maokou formation to the top of its first section in Yuanba area, an index system for the classification of karst paleo-geomorphology types is established. Based on the thickness mentioned above, the paleogeographic environment and paleo-hydrodynamic conditions, the study area is divided into four second-tier geomorphic units—karst platform, gentle karst slope, karst plain and karst basin. Then, in terms of modern karst classification, a third-tier geomorphic units are subdivided into six types—micro hill depression, hill-cluster depression, micro hill trough, cluster-peak depression, hill-cluster ridge valley and monadnock plain, according to the micro geomorphic combination form of karst paleo-geomorphology on the top of Maokou Formation in Yuanba area. Based on the characteristics of paleo-topography as well as the plane distribution and mutual configuration relationship of the six third-tier geomorphic units, the surface water system of the paleo-karst surface at the top of Maokou formation in Yuanba and its adjacent areas is constructed. In general, controlled by the ancient topography, the surface runoff is mainly the scattered runoff from the karst platform to both sides. The ancient water system is not well developed with no centralized runoff system, and only small gullies and karst lakes are locally developed. On the whole, the ancient karst landform on the top of Maokou formation in the study area belongs to the initial stage of the formation and evolution of karst landform. The relative elevation difference of the regional terrain which is slightly undulating is generally less than 120 m. The relative elevation difference of hills (peaks) and depressions is generally less than 10-30 m, which belongs to the initial stage of tectonic uplift and denudation and is characterized by coastal (island) karst landform, and the surface water system is not fully formed. The karstification time of the study area is relatively short, belonging to the initial stage of epigenetically exposed karst which is characterized by the joint karstification of atmospheric fresh water and seawater. The karstification mode is mainly the leaching and infiltration of atmospheric fresh water, which is difficult to form concentrated lateral runoff. Karstification mainly occurs in the shallow part, and karst is dominated by dissolution holes. Large-scale karst fractures and caves have not been formed. There are great differences in karst development in different geomorphic locations, among which the karst platform belongs to the groundwater recharge area; the atmospheric precipitation is mainly vertical infiltration; and the lateral runoff of groundwater is slow. The karst plain belongs to groundwater runoff and discharge area, where groundwater runoff is slow, and the intensity of karstification is relatively weak. The karst basin belongs to groundwater drainage area with long water-rock interaction cycle and weak karstification intensity. The gentle karst slope belongs to groundwater runoff area with the strongest hydrodynamic force and the most developed holes, which is suitable for the future reservoir exploration.
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图 3 元坝及邻区茅口组顶面二级岩溶古地貌图
Figure 3. Map of the second-tier karst paleo-geomorphology in Yuanba area and on the top of Maokou formation
图 4 元坝及邻区茅口组顶面三级岩溶古地貌图
Figure 4. Map of the third-tier karst paleo-geomorphology in Yuanba area and on the top of Maokou formation
图 5 元坝及邻区茅口组顶面古水系特征图
Figure 5. Characteristics of paleo-water system in Yuanba area and on the top of Maokou formation
图 6 YB 221井-YB 222井-YB 701井古岩溶连井剖面图（剖面位置见图3、图4）
Figure 6. Sections of ancient karst wells—Well YB221, Well YB222 and Well YB701 (refer to Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for profile positions)
表 1 元坝及邻区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌类型划分表
Table 1. Classification of karst paleo-geomorphology in Yuanba area and on the top of Maokou formation
二级地貌类型 类别 主要指标/m 岩溶台地 215≤Hc<265 岩溶缓坡地 185≤Hc<215 岩溶平原 145≤Hc<185 岩溶盆地 Hc<145 注：Hc为茅口组顶面至茅口组一段顶面的厚度。 
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表 2 元坝及邻区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌类型划分表
Table 2. Classification of karst paleo-geomorphology in Yuanba area and on the top of Maokou formation
岩溶古地貌类型 分布位置 二级地貌 三级地貌 主要微地貌形态 岩溶台地 微丘洼地 微丘、浅洼地、沟谷 YB 701井-YB 702井-YB 8井一带 微丘槽谷 微丘、浅洼地、槽谷、沟谷 YB 702井西南侧 丘丛洼地 溶丘、洼地、沟谷 YB 7井一带、YB 701井东侧、研究区东部 峰丛洼地 溶峰、洼地、沟谷 YB 8井一带 岩溶缓坡地 丘丛龙脊沟谷 溶丘、垄脊、沟谷、槽谷 研究区中部、YB 8井东南侧 峰丛洼地 溶峰、洼地、沟谷 研究区中部西侧、YB 8井东南侧 微丘洼地 微丘、浅洼地 YB 22井北侧 岩溶平原 残丘平原 溶丘、浅洼地、平原 YB 22井-YB 222井-YB 223井-YB 221井-YB 224井一带、研究区北部 岩溶盆地 残丘平原 溶丘、浅洼地、平原 研究区北部
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