Effects of soil conditioner dosage on soil physicochemical properties and maize growth in subtropical karst area
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摘要: 亚热带岩溶区石灰土存在质地黏重、保水保肥能力低等问题，影响作物生长。文章旨在通过土壤改良剂与化肥的优化配施，提升石灰土的肥力和玉米的健康水平。为验证岩溶区土壤改良和平衡施肥的有效性，研制针对岩溶区石灰土的土壤改良剂，设置T0（仅施化肥）和T1-T5（化肥与不同浓度土壤改良剂配施）六组盆栽试验处理。通过分析土壤理化性质和玉米叶片养分表现，运用DRIS（Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System）法评估玉米营养状况。研究结果表明：T1-T5处理中，土壤氮、磷等大量元素随改良剂配施比例增加而上升，而Ca、Cu、Mn、Cl、P和Mo等微量元素则呈下降趋势。T1-T5处理的玉米叶片各养分含量普遍高于T0处理。DRIS法诊断显示，岩溶区玉米需肥顺序为Fe＞Cu＞S＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞N＞P＞Zn＞B＞Mn。综合分析表明，T4处理（5.38 g/盆土壤改良剂+43 g/盆化肥）是提升土壤质量和玉米健康水平的最优组合。化肥与HH土壤改良剂的优化配施能有效改善岩溶区石灰土的理化性质，提升玉米的营养吸收和生长表现，其中T4处理效果最佳，可作为岩溶区土壤改良和玉米种植的推荐方案。Abstract:
Soil resources in subtropical karst regions constitute a critical yet fragile component of agricultural arable land, playing a pivotal role in ensuring local food security and ecological stability. The unique geological setting dominated by carbonate rocks in these areas profoundly shapes the properties of the derived calcareous soils. A prominent challenge of such soils is their inherently heavy and sticky texture, stemming from high clay content and poor aggregation, which severely impedes water infiltration and root penetration. Concurrently, the region's high rainfall and porous bedrock accelerate nutrient leaching, exacerbating the soils' low water and fertilizer retention capacity,which leads to the frequent nutrient deficiencies, the obstruction of crop growth, and the decrease of agricultural productivity. Over time, these limitations have not only constrained yields of maize-a staple crop in many karst regions-but also exacerbated soil degradation and ecosystem vulnerability, highlighting the urgent need for effective soil improvement strategies. Against this backdrop, research on soil improvement technologies tailored to subtropical karst zones is essential for enhancing maize health, optimizing nutrient use efficiency, and providing actionable technical references for calcareous soil amelioration and balanced fertilization. To address this need, our study focused on developing a novel soil conditioner, specifically formulated to mitigate the constraints of karst calcareous soils. The conditioner was designed to improve soil structure, enhance nutrient retention, and promote nutrient availability, with the overarching goal of creating a more favorable growth environment for maize.To systematically evaluate the efficacy of the conditioner, we conducted controlled pot experiments involving combined applications of chemical fertilizers and varying concentrations of the conditioner. The experimental design included six treatments: T0 (control, no conditioner + 43 g per basin fertilizer) and T1-T5 (43 g per basin fertilizer combined with 1.35, 2.70, 4.05, 5.38, and 6.73 g per basin of the conditioner, respectively), with each treatment replicated three times to ensure result reliability. Over a 106-day growth period, we monitored soil physicochemical properties (pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and concentrations of macronutrients—N, P, K, S—and micronutrients—Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B, Mo, Cl) and maize biological traits (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and aboveground biomass).A central component of our analytical framework was the integration of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), a robust method for assessing crop nutritional status by comparing nutrient ratios against optimal reference values. For mature maize leaves, we quantified 11 essential nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B) and calculated DRIS indices to evaluate nutrient balance, identified limiting factors, and determined the Nutrient Imbalance Index (NII)—a composite metric reflecting overall nutritional status. The results revealed several key findings:(1) Regarding soil properties: in treatments T1-T5, concentrations of macronutrients such as N and P increased significantly with higher application rates of the conditioner (P<0.05), attributed to the conditioner's ability to inhibit nutrient leaching and promote mineralization. In contrast, concentrations of micronutrients including Ca, Cu, Mn, Cl, and Mo decreased with increasing conditioner dosage.(2) Concerning nutrient content in maize leaves: all T1-T5 treatments exhibited higher leaf nutrient concentrations compared to T0. (3) DRIS-based nutrient diagnosis indicated that the overall fertilizer requirement order for maize in karst regions was Fe＞Cu＞S＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞N＞P＞Zn＞B＞Mn,which has underscored the critical role of micronutrients such as Fe and Cu—often overlooked in conventional fertilization regimes—in limiting maize growth in these soils.Integrating soil nutrient data, leaf nutrient concentrations, DRIS indices, and NII values, the T4 treatment (5.38 g/basin HH conditioner + 43 g/basin fertilizer) was identified as the optimal combination. This treatment not only improved soil structure but also resulted in the lowest NII (1.23), indicating the most balanced nutritional status, and the highest maize biomass (38% higher than T0). In conclusion, the combined application of soil conditioner at optimal rates with chemical fertilizers effectively alleviates the constraints of karst calcareous soils, enhances nutrient availability, and promotes maize health. The DRIS-based approach provides a scientific basis for formulating tailored fertilization strategies in karst regions, contributing to sustainable agricultural development and soil conservation in these ecologically sensitive areas. -
Key words:
- karst area soils /
- fertilizers /
- soil amendments /
- soil amelioration /
- maize traits
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图 2 不同处理下茎、叶、根和穗的鲜重
Figure 2. Fresh weight of maize stems, leaves, roots and ears under different treatments
图 3 不同处理下茎、叶、根和穗的干重
Figure 3. Dry weights of maize stems, leaves, roots and ears under different treatments
表 1 供试土壤的基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of the tested soil
指标 单位 数值 pH − 5.73 阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity cmol·kg−1 22.78 容重 Soil capacity g·cm−3 1.28 土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon g·kg−1 19.82 全氮 Total nitrogen g·kg−1 2.10 全磷 Total phosphorus g·kg−1 1.43 全钾 Total potassium g·kg−1 11.79 全硫 Total sulfur mg·kg−1 343.00 全钙 Total calcium g·kg−1 1.79 全镁 Total magnesium mg·kg−1 6.54 速效氮 Quick-acting nitrogen mg·kg−1 239.00 有效磷 Effective phosphorus mg·kg−1 7.16 速效钾 Quick-acting potassium mg·kg−1 326.08 有效硫 Effective sulfur mg·kg−1 81.12 交换性钙 Calcium oxide cmol·kg−1 7.35 
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表 2 盆栽试验设计
Table 2. Pot experiment design
处理 玉米盆栽试验设计 1 T0 只施化肥43 g/盆 2 T1 2.15 g/盆土壤改良剂+化肥（43 g/盆） 3 T2 3.23 g/盆土壤改良剂+化肥（43 g/盆） 4 T3 4.3 g/盆土壤改良剂+化肥（43 g/盆） 5 T4 5.38 g/盆土壤改良剂+化肥（43 g/盆） 6 T5 6.45 g/盆土壤改良剂+化肥（43 g/盆）
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表 3 不同处理下土壤中的元素含量
Table 3. Contents of elements in soil under different treatments
处理 N/ P/ K/ S/ Ca/ Mg/ g·kg−1 g·kg−1 g·kg−1 g·kg−1 g·kg−1 mg·kg−1 T0 2.00±0.00c 1.70±0.06c 11.45±0.26a 0.35±0.05a 2.36±0.24a 6.09±0.10a T1 2.03±0.06bc 1.85±0.09bc 11.34±0.12a 0.32±0.02a 1.94±0.21b 6.19±0.07a T2 2.10±0.00ab 1.90±0.11ab 11.24±12ab 0.35±0.02a 1.76±0.07b 6.05±0.03a T3 2.10±0.00ab 1.89±0.07ab 11.40±0.08a 0.36±0.02a 1.80±0.10b 6.23±0.05a T4 2.07±0.06abc 1.81±0.15abc 10.99±0.20b 0.37±0.07a 1.76±0.13b 6.07±0.17a T5 2.13±0.06a 1.78±0.10c 11.26±0.07ab 0.38±0.05a 2.02±0.22b 6.18±0.04a
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处理 Fe/ Cu/ Mn/ Zn/ Cl/ B/ Mo/ g·kg−1 mg·kg−1 g·kg−1 g·kg−1 mg·kg−1 g·kg−1 mg·kg−1 T0 60.56±0.24a 46.02±0.69a 1.85±0.05a 0.31±0.00a 29.62±3.42a 0.14±0.00a 1.84±0.81a T1 60.74±1.20a 46.31±1.31a 1.84±0.11a 0.31±0.00a 20.48±3.06b 0.15±0.02a 1.49±0.03a T2 60.68±0.69a 45.41±1.20ab 1.78±0.05a 0.31±0.00ab 14.35±1.67c 0.13±0.00a 1.79±0.12a T3 62.09±0.79a 44.59±0.17ab 1.91±0.14a 0.31±0.00ab 13.26±1.81c 0.14±0.01a 2.00±0.03a T4 60.17±1.70a 43.77±1.28b 1.78±0.08a 0.30±0.01b 12.64±2.85c 0.13±0.01a 1.97±0.15a T5 61.33±0.69a 45.89±0.76a 1.83±0.03a 0.31±0.00ab 13.67±2.84c 0.13±0.01a 1.59±0.13a 注：a,b,c代表差异性显著水平。
Note: a,b and c represent the significant levels of difference.
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表 4 不同处理成熟期玉米叶片营养元素相关系数
Table 4. Correlation coefficients of nutrient elements in maize leaves at maturity stage under different treatments
营养元素 N P S Fe Cu K −0.064 0.512* Ca 0.248 −0.074 0.550* Mg −0.024 0.554* −0.202 Cu −0.153 −0.337 −0.441 0.988** Zn 0.659** 0.753** 0.055 −0.451 −0.473* Mn 0.079 −0.435 −0.218 0.726** 0.714** 注：*，P<0.05；**，P<0.01。
Note: * means P<0.05; ** means P<0.01.
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表 5 玉米叶片DRIS诊断参数统计
Table 5. Statistics of DRIS diagnostic parameters for maize leaves
营养形式 化肥组 化肥+土壤改良剂组 平均值 标准差 变异系数 方差 平均值 标准差 变异系数 方差 N 29.47 1.67 0.06 2.77 27.43 1.49 0.05 2.21 P 3.10 0.20 0.06 0.04 2.70 0.32 0.12 0.10 K 22.41 1.62 0.07 2.63 23.06 2.81 0.12 7.90 S 2.26 0.30 0.13 0.09 2.54 0.25 0.10 0.06 Ca 5.12 0.17 0.03 0.03 4.84 0.57 0.12 0.33 Mg 1.04 0.03 0.03 0.00 1.00 0.13 0.13 0.02 Fe 8.31 2.22 0.27 4.91 14.78 12.99 0.88 168.81 Cu 0.09 0.03 0.32 0.00 0.19 0.16 0.88 0.03 Zn 21.87 1.14 0.05 1.29 17.10 2.05 0.12 4.20 Mn 0.48 0.07 0.14 0.00 0.46 0.11 0.23 0.01 B 7.62 2.17 0.28 4.72 8.69 2.57 0.30 6.58 N/P 9.52 0.64 0.07 0.41 10.27 0.98 0.10 0.97 N/K 1.33 0.16 0.12 0.03 1.20 0.14 0.11 0.02 N/S 13.20 1.35 0.10 1.82 10.86 0.98 0.09 0.97 N/Ca 5.75 0.19 0.03 0.03 5.75 0.75 0.13 0.56 N/Mg 28.46 1.87 0.07 3.49 27.90 3.88 0.14 15.05 N/Fe 3.85 1.19 0.31 1.43 18.11 30.74 1.70 945.01 N/Cu 365.77 147.44 0.40 21738.00 599.81 768.94 1.28 591263.55 N/Zn 1.35 0.04 0.03 0.00 1.62 0.16 0.10 0.03 N/Mn 62.24 5.40 0.09 29.19 63.91 17.78 0.28 316.30 N/B 4.20 1.17 0.28 1.37 3.53 1.39 0.40 1.94 P/K 0.14 0.02 0.12 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.09 0.00 P/S 1.39 0.11 0.08 0.01 1.07 0.16 0.15 0.03 P/Ca 0.61 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.57 0.12 0.21 0.01 P/Mg 3.00 0.29 0.10 0.08 2.72 0.29 0.11 0.08 P/Fe 0.41 0.15 0.37 0.02 1.89 3.18 1.68 10.13 P/Cu 39.43 18.21 0.46 331.53 63.22 85.45 1.35 7301.77 P/Zn 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.16 0.01 0.09 0.00 P/Mn 6.59 0.87 0.13 0.76 6.45 2.75 0.43 7.54 P/B 0.44 0.12 0.28 0.01 0.34 0.14 0.39 0.02 K/S 10.18 2.11 0.21 4.45 9.11 1.18 0.13 1.38 K/Ca 4.39 0.47 0.11 0.22 4.84 0.96 0.20 0.93 K/Mg 21.63 1.47 0.07 2.15 23.30 2.99 0.13 8.91 K/Fe 2.92 0.84 0.29 0.70 17.76 31.39 1.77 985.22 K/Cu 275.83 101.84 0.37 10371.80 567.72 780.11 1.37 608564.50 K/Zn 1.03 0.13 0.13 0.02 1.36 0.14 0.10 0.02 K/Mn 48.20 10.46 0.22 109.39 54.80 22.52 0.41 507.15 K/B 3.10 0.56 0.18 0.31 3.02 1.57 0.52 2.47 S/Ca 0.44 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.53 0.04 0.08 0.00 S/Mg 2.19 0.36 0.16 0.13 2.59 0.42 0.16 0.17 S/Fe 0.30 0.13 0.43 0.02 1.90 3.42 1.80 11.71 S/Cu 29.23 15.15 0.52 229.62 60.08 80.18 1.33 6428.54 S/Zn 0.10 0.01 0.09 0.00 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.00 S/Mn 4.76 0.59 0.12 0.35 5.95 1.76 0.30 3.08 S/B 0.33 0.11 0.33 0.01 0.34 0.18 0.53 0.03 Ca/Mg 4.95 0.28 0.06 0.08 4.94 0.88 0.18 0.77 Ca/Fe 0.67 0.22 0.32 0.05 3.44 6.22 1.81 38.69 Ca/Cu 63.98 26.65 0.42 710.04 108.98 143.44 1.32 20575.12 Ca/Zn 0.23 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.29 0.05 0.16 0.00 Ca/Mn 10.86 1.26 0.12 1.58 11.20 2.90 0.26 8.38 Ca/B 0.73 0.19 0.26 0.04 0.64 0.32 0.51 0.10 Mg/Fe 0.13 0.04 0.27 0.00 0.68 1.15 1.68 1.32 Mg/Cu 12.70 4.56 0.36 20.83 22.75 30.39 1.34 923.32 Mg/Zn 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.16 0.00 Mg/Mn 2.16 0.47 0.22 0.22 2.36 0.91 0.39 0.83 Mg/B 0.14 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.13 0.05 0.41 0.00 Fe/Cu 92.59 8.04 0.09 64.68 68.93 23.52 0.34 553.01 Fe/Zn 0.38 0.11 0.28 0.01 0.92 0.83 0.90 0.68 Fe/Mn 17.52 4.63 0.26 21.44 29.06 21.39 0.74 457.52 Fe/B 1.16 0.43 0.37 0.19 1.78 1.64 0.92 2.68 Cu/Zn 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.90 0.00 Cu/Mn 0.19 0.06 0.33 0.00 0.37 0.26 0.71 0.07 Cu/B 0.01 0.01 0.40 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.90 0.00 Zn/Mn 46.28 4.76 0.10 22.68 40.59 15.61 0.38 243.73 Zn/B 3.11 0.86 0.28 0.74 2.21 1.01 0.46 1.02 Mn/B 0.07 0.02 0.34 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.46 0.00 注：营养元素锌和硼的含量单位为mg·kg−1，其他元素的含量单位为g·kg−1。
Note: The unit of content of nutrient elements Zn and B is mg·kg−1, and the unit of content of other elements is g·kg−1.
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表 6 不同处理成熟期玉米叶片DRIS诊断指数
Table 6. Diagnostic index of DRIS for maize leaves at maturity stage under different treatments
处理 N P K S Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn B T0 − 1456.88 −445.38 − 1543.35 − 1268.25 − 1832.35 − 1445.84 − 5752.26 − 1209.27 − 2733.96 −469.39 −133.29 T1 − 7655.01 − 8017.82 − 6816.63 − 20634.43 − 9736.35 − 9723.33 − 27420.71 − 40293.15 − 6021.72 −717.41 − 1314.98 T2 − 2391.77 − 2909.71 − 3469.12 − 2779.49 − 2579.17 − 2875.82 − 12498.47 − 4197.34 1739.08 −54.02 − 1186.82 T3 − 7980.72 − 8705.58 − 12319.01 − 9589.84 − 9739.14 − 8198.87 − 42102.06 − 8416.23 1010.03 764.55 864.58 T4 1583.59 1545.82 2341.47 2041.75 1901.30 1813.28 − 12030.93 − 1046.45 − 5871.12 − 4680.98 − 7593.61 T5 − 1325.10 −385.38 −275.31 293.03 285.00 −246.64 325.76 256.39 27.48 −547.13 − 2311.55 T1-T5平均 − 3553.80 − 3694.53 − 4107.72 − 6133.80 − 3973.67 − 3846.28 − 18745.28 − 10739.36 − 1823.25 − 1047.00 − 2308.48 总平均 − 3204.32 − 3153.01 − 3680.33 − 5322.87 − 3616.79 − 3446.20 − 16579.78 − 9151.01 − 1975.04 −950.73 − 1945.95
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表 7 不同处理成熟期玉米叶片需肥顺序及NII指数
Table 7. Leaf NII index and fertilizer requirement sequence of maize leaves at maturity stage under different treatments
处理 所需顺序 NII T0 Fe＞Zn＞Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞S＞Cu＞Mn＞P＞B 1139.37 T1 Cu＞Fe＞S＞Ca＞Mg＞P＞N＞K＞Zn＞B＞Mn 10070.15 T2 Fe＞Cu＞K＞P＞Mg＞S＞Ca＞N＞B＞Mn＞Zn 2334.59 T3 Fe＞K＞Ca＞S＞P＞Cu＞Mg＞N＞Mn＞B＞Zn 6960.60 T4 Fe＞B＞Zn＞Mn＞Cu＞P＞N＞Mg＞Ca＞S＞K 2853.14 T5 B＞N＞Mn＞P＞K＞Mg＞Zn＞Cu＞Ca＞S＞Fe 373.38 T1-T5平均 Fe＞Cu＞S＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P＞N＞B＞Zn＞Mn 4518.37 总平均 Fe＞Cu＞S＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞N＞P＞Zn＞B＞Mn 3955.20
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表 8 不同处理成熟期玉米叶片养分含量范围等级
Table 8. Nutrient content range grade of maize leaves at maturity stage under different treatments
营养级 N P K S Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn B 过剩 31.4 3.55 30.56 3.2 6.37 1.34 49.42 0.62 22.56 0.74 15.53 偏高 29.42 3.12 26.81 2.87 5.61 1.17 32.1 0.4 19.83 0.6 12.11 平衡 27.43 2.7 23.06 2.54 4.84 1 14.78 0.19 17.1 0.46 8.69 偏低 25.45 2.28 19.32 2.22 4.07 0.83 ＜14.78 ＜0.19 14.37 0.32 5.27 缺乏 23.47 1.85 15.57 1.89 3.31 0.66 ＜14.78 ＜0.19 11.63 0.17 1.85 注：营养元素Zn、B含量单位为mg·kg−1，其他元素含量单位为g·kg−1。
Note: The unit of content of nutrient elements Zn and B is mg·kg−1, and the unit of content of other elements is mg·kg−1.
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