Study on ecological risk threshold of farmland soil in typical karst regions of Guangxi: A case study of Cadmium
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摘要: 镉（Cd）是一种对人体有害的非必需元素，也是农田土壤首要污染物，其在土壤−作物系统中生态风险阈值评估具有重要意义。文章系统采集了广西典型岩溶地区102组水稻作物及其根系土壤，利用Bur Ⅲ分布拟合了广西典型岩溶区农田土壤中Cd的物种敏感性分布曲线（SSD），推导出能够保护95%水稻的土壤Cd安全阈值。结果表明，研究区土壤全量Cd超标率90.2%，而水稻籽实Cd仅有8.82%样品超过《食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762—2022）的限值。利用物种敏感性分布法，推导出土壤pH在5.5~6.5、6.5~7.5和7.5~8.5下，保护95%水稻不超标的土壤Cd安全阈值分别为0.22 mg·kg−1，1.08 mg·kg−1和6.4 mg·kg−1，评价结果的推导值正确率随着pH的升高由23.5%显著提高到92.1%。研究结果可以被认为是更准确的评估阈值，为广西典型岩溶地区Cd污染稻田安全生产提供科学的参考依据。Abstract:
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element harmful to human health and is a primary pollutant in agricultural soils. It is important to assess the ecological risk threshold of Cd in soil–crop systems. Previous studies have demonstrated that soils in the karst regions of Southwest China are anomalously enriched in Cd due to geogenic processes. Therefore, it is imperative to propose an effective method for accurately evaluating ecological risk threshold of Cd in agricultural soils within karst regions. Rice is the most widely cultivated cereal crop in Daxin County and is also the crop with the highest Cd exposure in the human diet. In this study, 102 sets of rice crops and their rhizosphere soils were systematically collected from typical karst regions in Guangxi Province. With the use of the Bur Ⅲ distribution, the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves for Cd in agricultural soils of typical karst regions in Guangxi were fitted, and a soil Cd safety threshold was established to protect 95% of rice crops. The results show that 90.2% of Cd in soil samples exceeded the screening value established by The National Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB 15618-2018). However, the Cd content in rice grains cultivated in those fields was quite low, and only 8.82% of the samples surpassing the Limit of Contaminants in Food (GB 2762-2022). This suggests a spatial mismatch in the Cd levels between the soil and the rice grains. Specifically, there are three primary scenarios: (i) the soil exceeds the Cd limit, but the rice remains safe; (ii) both the soil and the rice exceed the Cd limit; and (iii) the soil is within safe Cd levels, yet the rice exceeds the limit. In the study area, higher soil pH values correspond to reduced mobility of Cd, resulting in lower absorption and transfer of Cd by rice grains. Although the soil Cd form is mainly dominated by the content of bioavailable state, the soil pH is mainly weakly alkaline, which inhibits the absorption of soil Cd by plants. Under conditions where soil pH remains unchanged, changes in the soil will not pose a threat to food safety. This is one of the key reasons for the low Cd concentration in rice grown in high Cd soil. The existing standards of soil environmental quality are insufficient for the accurate evaluation of the level of Cd pollution in the soil of the study area. Given this, it is essential to establish the benchmark of soil environmental quality that can reflect the actual conditions. Therefore, using SSD, this study calculated the safety threshold for soil Cd to protect 95% of rice grains and evaluated the actual Cd pollution level in the study area. Based on SSD, the derived soil Cd safety thresholds for protecting 95% of rice grains under soil pH conditions of 5.5−6.5, 6.5−7.5 and 7.5−8.5 are 0.22 mg·kg−1, 1.08 mg·kg−1, and 6.4 mg·kg−1, respectively. Compared with the limits of soil environmental quality stipulated by GB15618-2018, it is evident that the national standard is overly lenient for acidic soil (5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5) but overly stringent for neutral (6.5 < pH<7.5) and alkaline (pH > 7.5) soils. The derived value accuracy of evaluation results significantly increased from 23.5% to 92.1% with increasing pH values. In contrast, the screening value accuracy specified by national standards dropped from 47.1% to 6.3%. Therefore, the research results can be considered as more accurate evaluation thresholds, providing a scientific reference for safe production in Cd-contaminated rice paddies in typical karst regions of Guangxi. -
Key words:
- karst region /
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- ecological risk threshold /
- Cadmium
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图 2 土壤重金属Cd分布特征
注：a.土壤pH值分布图 b. 土壤pH和土壤Cd浓度的散点图，红色虚线代表农用地土壤污染标准风险筛选值 c. 土壤重金属Cd不同形态分布特征
Figure 2. Distribution characteristics of heavy metal Cd in soil Note: a. distribution of soil pH; b. scatter plots of soil pH and soil Cd concentrations, with red dashed lines representing standard risk screening values for soil pollution in agricultural land; c. distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal Cd in different forms
图 3 水稻籽实中Cd浓度分布图
注：红线代表《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762-2022）水稻籽实限量标准值（0.2 mg·kg−1）
Figure 3. Distribution of Cd concentration in rice seeds
Note:The red line represents the standard value of rice grain limit (0.2 mg·kg−1）in the National Standard for Food Safety:Limits of Contaminants in Food(GB2762-2022).
图 5 土壤Cd含量与水稻籽实Cd含量散点图
Figure 5. Scatter plot of soil Cd content and Cd content in rice grains
表 1 研究区根系土壤中重金属Cd质量浓度特征
Table 1. Content characteristics of heavy metal Cd in rhizophere soil of the study area
元素 最小值/
mg·kg−1最大值/
mg·kg−1平均值/
mg·kg−1标准差 变异系数 基于筛选值的
超标率/%基于管控值的
超标率/%Cd 0.244 114.52 6.57 19.52 2.97 90.20 15.69 
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表 2 根系土中重金属Cd不同形态统计参数（N=46，单位：mg·kg−1)
Table 2. Statistical parameters of different forms of heavy metal Cd in rhizosphere soil （N=46，unit：mg·kg−1)
名称 残渣态 腐殖酸结合态 离子交换态 强有机结合态 水溶态 碳酸盐结合态 铁锰结合态 范围 0.018~3.40 0.002~1.250 0.034~5.460 0.002~54.700 0.001~0.052 0.024~5.850 0.030~41.300 平均值 0.390 0.133 0.492 1.252 0.004 0.583 1.451 变异系数 1.32 1.52 1.56 6.36 1.72 1.45 4.34
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表 3 研究区水稻籽实重金属Cd含量特征
Table 3. Content characteristics of heavy metal Cd in rice grains of the study area
元素 最小值/ mg·kg−1 最大值/ mg·kg−1 平均值/ mg·kg−1 标准差 变异系数 超标率/% Cd 0.005 1.95 0.09 0.26 2.85 8.82
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表 4 研究区基于Burr Ⅲ拟合根系土Cd的安全阈值及方程参数
Table 4. Safety threshold and equation parameters of Cd in rhizosphere soil fitted based on BurrⅢ in the study area
水田pH范围 b c k R2 HC5 推导土壤Cd生态阈值 GB 15618-2018 5.5<pH≤6.5 86.33 3.37 0.20 0.93 1.1 0.22 0.4 6.5<pH≤7.5 36.61 1.56 0.99 0.93 5.4 1.08 0.6 pH>7.5 169.89 2.84 0.63 0.99 32 6.4 0.8
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表 5 不同土壤pH值Cd元素对应的正确区和误判区样品数
Table 5. Numbers of samples in the correct zone and the wrong zone corresponding to Cd element in different soil pH values
pH变化范围 标准值 正确 误判 5.5~6.5 推导值0.22 4 13 国标筛选值0.4 8 9 6.5~7.5 推导值1.08 12 9 国标筛选值0.6 6 15 >7.5 推导值6.4 58 5 国标筛选值0.8 4 59
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