延深开采影响下典型岩溶充水矿区水化学特征及涌水来源研究

于杨; 金晓文; 徐思; 张玉; 陈彦美

doi:10.11932/karst20240503

延深开采影响下典型岩溶充水矿区水化学特征及涌水来源研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20240503

于杨^{1, 2,},
金晓文³,
徐思^{1, 2},
张玉^{1, 2},
陈彦美^{1, 2, ,}

1.
长江大学资源与环境学院, 湖北武汉 430100
2.
油气地球化学与环境湖北省重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430100
3.
武汉中地环科水工环科技咨询有限责任公司, 湖北武汉 430073

基金项目: 煤炭开采地下水保护与利用国家重点实验室开放基金（SHJT-17-42.9）；湖北省自然科学基金（2020CFB750）

详细信息

作者简介:
于杨（2000－），男，在读硕士研究生，研究方向：矿区水文地质。E-mail：201807973@yangtzeu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
陈彦美（1984－），女，副教授，博士，研究方向：地下水灾害与污染防控。E-mail：ymchen831219@yangtzeu.edu.cn。

中图分类号: P641.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-06-16
- 录用日期: 2024-09-11
- 修回日期: 2024-09-03
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-25

Study on hydrochemical characteristics and water inflow sources of typical karst water-filled mining areas under the influence of extended mining

YU Yang^{1, 2
,},
JIN Xiaowen³,
XU Si^{1, 2},
ZHANG Yu^{1, 2},
CHEN Yanmei^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
2.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
3.
Wuhan Zhong Di Huan Ke Hydrological Engineering Environment Science and Technology Consulting Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430073, China

摘要

摘要: 为探究延深开采影响下典型岩溶充水矿区水化学成因及涌水水源变化过程，选取马坑矿区+420 m、+300 m、+200 m、+100 m四个开采水平涌水点为研究对象，在分析矿区地下水流系统演变规律的基础上，综合运用Piper三线图、离子组合比、Gibbs图、氯碱指数等水化学方法并概化涌水点水源演化概念模型，对矿区不同开采水平涌水点水化学成因及补给来源进行了讨论。结果表明：向深部开采过程中，矿区地下水径流方向发生变化，水温、pH及TDS随开采深度不断增大，水化学类型则由HCO₃-Ca型逐渐向HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Na·Ca型演变。矿区地下水化学组分主要受碳酸岩盐溶解作用影响，其次不同开采水平还伴随黄铁矿氧化、阳离子交换作用、混合作用等因素的影响；+420 m及+300 m水平涌水点充水水源为岩溶水、P₁j¹砂岩水混合水源，而+200 m与+100 m开采水平主要充水水源为岩溶水且深部花岗岩低温热水沿导水断层对+100 m水平涌水点进行补给。研究结果可为同类型岩溶充水矿区地下水管理及矿坑水防治提供一定参考。
- 延深开采 /
- 岩溶充水矿区 /
- 开采水平 /
- 水化学 /
- 涌水来源
Abstract: Mineral resources are an important pillar of China's vigorous economic development. With the rapid increase in the demand for metal minerals, the original metal mining areas continue to be mined. However, the specific geological conditions indicate that a significant number of ore bodies in China are closely associated with the limestone strata. As a result, the karst aquifer has emerged as one of the major hidden dangers threatening the deep mining of these ore deposits. Therefore, it is an important topic to study the prevention and control of pit water in mines of karst areas, but there is a lack of comprehensive case studies that have revealed the changes in water sources in pits due to deep mining on the basis of hydrochemical data from water inflow points at different mining levels. The Makeng mining area is a typical karst water-filled mining area in East China. Its hydrogeological conditions and pit water-filling conditions are complex, presenting significant challenges for water prevention and control efforts. In this study, 59 sets of hydrochemical data were selected from the water inflow points of horizontal tunnels at four mining levels (+420 m, +300 m, +200 m and +100 m) in the Makeng mining area from 2006 to 2016. Combined with the evolution law of the groundwater flow system in the mining area, various hydrochemical methods such as Piper three-line diagram, ion ratio, Gibbs diagram and chlor-alkali index were used to analyze the source of water inflow. The mixing ratios of different water sources were calculated, and a conceptual model of evolution of water sources at the water inflow points was generalized. Besides, the hydrochemical causes and recharge sources of water inflow points at different mining levels in the mining area were discussed.The results show that the decrease of groundwater levels gradually slowed down while and water inflow continuously increased during the mining process; therefore the recharge sources of pit water inflow points constantly changed. Secondly, the long-term water drainage and depressurization changed the direction of groundwater runoff in the mining area. Additionally, the water temperature, pH and TDS increased with the increase of mining depth, and the hydrochemical type gradually changed from HCO₃-Ca type to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca type and HCO₃-Na·Ca type. The dissolution of carbonate salt is the main controlling factor for the formation of groundwater in the mining area. Besides, controlled by faults and other geological structures, some water inflow points were influenced by different water sources in some degree. Moreover, different mining levels were also affected by pyrite oxidation, cation exchange, mixing action, etc. The sources of water inflow points at +420 m and +300 m were from karst water and P₁j¹ sandstone water, while the main sources at mining levels of +200 m and +100 m were also from karst water. The water inflow point at +100 m was recharged by low-temperature hot water along the water diversion fault from deep granite. The Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ equilibrium models were used to calculate the respective ratios of mixing karst water with sandstone fracture water and of mixing karst water with hot water from deep granite. The recharge rates of fracture water at +420 m and +300 m were about 22.7%–82.8%, and the recharge rates of low-temperature hot water from deep granite at +100 m were 35.1%–38.3%. In the future, the monitoring of water quality in water inflow points at +100 m or above should be strengthened. If necessary, F1 and other faults exposed underground should be grouted so as to prevent the low-temperature hot water from the contact zone between the deep granite and the quartz sandstone of Lindi formation (C₁l) from entering the pit along the water diversion structure to recharge karst water. In this paper, the hydrochemical formation of water inflow source in Makeng mining area under the influence of extended mining has been discussed, and the dynamic characteristics of water inflow sources have been preliminarily analyzed, which can provide a certain reference for groundwater management and prevention and control of pit water in the same type of karst water-filled mining area.
- extended mining /
- karst water-filled mining area /
- mining level /
- hydrochemistry /
- water inflow sources

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图 1 矿区水文地质及取样点略图（据[1]修改）

Figure 1. Hydrogeology and sampling poins of the mining area (Revised based on [1])

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图 2 矿区不同开采水平出水点Piper三线图

Figure 2. Piper three-line diagram of outlets at different mining levels in the mining area

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图 3 涌水点Gibbs图

Figure 3. Gibbs diagram of water inflow points

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图 4 马坑矿区离子比值关系图

Figure 4. Relationship between ion ratios in the Makeng mining area

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图 5 方解石、石膏饱和指数图

Figure 5. Saturation indexes of calcite and gypsum

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图 6 矿区地下水氯碱指数图

Figure 6. Chlor-alkali indexes of groundwater in the mining area

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图 7 矿区涌水点水源演化概念模型

Figure 7. Conceptual model of water source change at water inflow points in the mining area

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表 1 研究区地下水主要水化学指标统计表

Table 1. Statistics of main hydrochemical indicators of groundwater in the study area

开采水平	项目	pH	TDS	水温	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	Cl⁻
+420 m （n=9）	平均值	6.63	105.73	20.37	32.21	2.95	2.29	1.82	79.46	9.81	2.20
	标准差	0.99	58.36	1.89	19.13	1.81	2.11	2.19	46.37	10.06	0.61
	Cv(%)	14.89	55.20	9.26	59.41	61.30	92.28	120.17	58.36	102.50	27.50
+300 m (n=5)	平均值	7.22	109.15	20.46	30.40	2.87	4.79	0.78	101.60	9.02	3.45
	标准差	0.44	37.33	1.75	13.84	0.68	3.61	0.64	34.23	6.07	1.35
	Cv(%)	6.05	34.20	8.57	45.52	23.82	75.45	82.13	33.69	67.30	39.00
+200 m （n=15）	平均值	7.31	128.82	21.22	38.42	2.91	3.05	0.79	128.47	11.13	2.74
	标准差	0.28	16.99	0.48	4.53	0.84	3.27	0.59	32.27	7.66	1.68
	Cv(%)	3.82	13.19	2.24	11.80	28.79	107.12	74.01	25.12	68.81	61.32
+100 m (n=22)	平均值	7.65	159.24	23.19	48.97	4.26	3.24	0.89	134.40	23.58	4.58
	标准差	0.30	62.29	1.91	16.75	2.18	3.90	0.64	20.98	33.35	0.65
	Cv(%)	3.90	39.12	8.22	34.20	51.10	120.45	72.50	15.61	141.45	14.12
注：pH、Cv为无量纲；水温单位为 ℃，其余单位均为mg·L⁻¹。 Note: pH and Cv are dimensionless; the unit of water temperature is ℃; the other units are symbolized by mg·L⁻¹.

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表 2 矿区水化学背景值

Table 2. Hydrochemical background values of the mining area

地下水类型	Na+K	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$
岩溶水背景值	1.79	46.12	2.97	2.94	9.33	148.89
砂岩裂隙水背景值	1.20	2.06	1.48	1.83	1.02	12.15
花岗岩裂隙水背景值	2.48	1.29	0.13	2.23	1.26	3.80
HZ-9岩溶水	6.48	114.60	9.58	6.01	168.24	109.84
注：以上指标单位均为mg·L⁻¹。 Note: The units of above indicators are all mg·L⁻¹.

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表 3 矿区涌水点水源混合比

Table 3. Mixing ratios of water sources at water inflow points in the mining area

开采水平	编号	混合比率/%
开采水平	编号	岩溶水	砂岩裂隙水	深部花岗岩裂隙水
+420 m 水平	SF-1	77.3	22.7	/
	SF-2	62.6	37.4	/
	SF-7	65.3	34.7	/
	SF-9	60.9	39.1	/
+300 m 水平	FT-1	73.5	26.5	/
	FT-2	64.2	35.8	/
	FT-3	17.2	82.8	/
	FT-4	60.4	39.6	/
+100 m 水平	HZ-1	64.9	/	35.1
+100 m 水平	HZ-2	61.7	/	38.3

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