岩溶洞穴温度与当地多年平均气温的关系研究

杨明凤; 殷建军

doi:10.11932/karst20240404

岩溶洞穴温度与当地多年平均气温的关系研究——以云南普者黑排龙洞为例

doi: 10.11932/karst20240404

杨明凤^{1, 2,},
殷建军^1, ,

1.
自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所, 广西桂林 541004
2.
贵州师范学院地理与资源学院, 贵州贵阳 550018

基金项目: 桂林岩溶地质广西野外科学观测研究站科研能力建设项目（桂科23-026-274）；中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目（2021002）

详细信息

作者简介:
杨明凤（2000－），女，自然地理与资源环境专业本科生。E-mail：2827425744@qq.com

通讯作者:
殷建军(1985－)，男，副研究员，主要从事岩溶环境与全球变化研究工作。E-mail：jianjunyin@foxmail.com。

中图分类号: P642.25
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-16
- 录用日期: 2023-06-27
- 修回日期: 2023-06-13
- 网络出版日期: 2024-11-05
- 刊出日期: 2024-08-25

Relationship between temperatures of karst caves and local average temperatures: Taking Pailong cave of Puzhehei, Yunnan as an example

YANG Mingfeng^{1, 2
,},
YIN Jianjun^{1
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR &GZAR/Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
School of Geography and Resources, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, China

摘要

摘要: 一般而言，岩溶洞穴温度等于当地多年平均气温，但实际监测中发现，不同地区洞穴温度与当地多年平均气温的关系并不一致。为更好地认识岩溶洞穴温度与当地多年平均气温的关系，对云南普者黑排龙洞洞穴内部及洞口温湿度进行连续高频监测，发现平均温度呈现洞穴内部＞洞外＞洞口的空间特征。洞口温度主要受洞穴通风效应影响，而洞穴内部温度则主要受到温度和降水的季节分布影响。结合我国已探究洞穴的洞穴内部温度与洞外气温进行比较分析得出：就大的空间尺度而言，洞穴温度同当地多年平均气温一样都与纬度呈现显著的负相关，而洞内外温差与纬度呈现显著的正相关关系。通过分析不同区域气象数据发现，洞内外温差的变化与当地暖季（4－10月）温度距平显著相关，暖季时间越长，暖季温度距平越大，洞内外温差越大。另外，雨季的时间分布同样会影响随滴水输入到洞穴的热量变化。因此，认识到中国洞穴洞内外的温度差主要受控于当地热量的分布。这项工作将有利于我们更好的认识岩溶洞穴环境。
- 岩溶洞穴 /
- 洞穴温度 /
- 洞内外温差 /
- 空间差异 /
- 暖季温度距平
Abstract: Generally speaking, temperatures of karst caves are comparable to local annual average temperatures. However, the actual monitoring has found that the relationship between cave temperatures and local annual average temperatures varies in different regions. To understand the relationship between these two kinds of temperature, we monitored the temperatures of Pailong cave in Puzhehei, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Our high-resolution monitoring discovered higher temperatures within the cave compared to the local annual average temperatures and the temperatures at the cave entrance. Temperatures at cave entrance were primarily affected by ventilation, while temperatures inside the cave were influenced by seasonal temperatures and precipitation. The monitoring revealed a stronger effect of ventilation in winter and a weaker one in summer at the cave entrance. Additionally, monthly temperatures exceeded local annual temperatures from April to October, and fell below them from November to March, indicating that longer and effective heat import and less heat loss led to higher temperatures inside the cave. Rainfall during the rainy season (May to October) formed a fast flow into the cave and transfers heat, further increasing cave temperatures. Thus, longer and effective heat import, less heat loss, and rainfall-induced heat import resulted in higher cave temperatures than local annual average temperatures.To validate our hypothesis, we collected 48 published data on cave temperatures from China and analyzed the temperature differences inside and outside the cave. Generally, the difference is positive in the north of the Yangtze River and negative in the south. It is positive in the east of longitude 110°E and negative in the west. Correlation analysis between cave temperatures and other influencing factors such as latitude, longitude, altitude, bedrock depth, and overlying vegetation index shows that there is a significant negative correlation between cave temperatures and factors of latitude, altitude, and overlying vegetation index. The same is true of the correlation between local annual average temperatures and these factors, suggesting that cave temperatures are primarily influenced by local annual average temperatures. Weak ventilation effects can be attributed to the large depth of caves, and thus resulting in a negative correlation between the temperature difference inside and outside the cave and the cave length. Interestingly, the temperature differences inside and outside the cave correlate positively with latitude and longitude. To explain this, we introduce the concept of temperatures in the warm season (April to October), when the monthly temperature minus the annual temperature is above zero. We found significantly positive correlations of temperatures in the warm season with latitude as well as with temperature difference inside and outside the cave, indicating a longer warm season and anomaly of higher temperatures in the warm season may contribute to the large temperature difference inside and outside the cave. Furthermore, the rainy season may also influence cave temperatures via heat that is generated by drip water and transported into the cave. Hence, the temperature difference inside and outside the cave is primarily influenced by heat distribution. For instance, temperatures in the warm season increase from Guilin of South China to Beijing of North China. Similarly, temperatures in the warm season also increase with longitude. For example, temperatures in the warm season increase from Wenshan of Southwest China to Guilin of South China. Although the overlying vegetation index negatively correlates with cave temperatures and local annual average temperatures, there is no significant correlation between the overlying vegetation index and the temperature difference inside and outside the cave, probably because the dense vegetation cover can reduce the heat transported to the cave and lower cave temperatures. However, the vegetation cover does not vary significantly with latitude. Additionally, differences in cave structure and environment also affect the temperature difference inside and outside the cave. For example, temperatures in the caves of Guilin are respectively equal to (e.g. Panlong cave), above (e.g. Shuinan cave), or below (e.g. Maomaotou Big cave) the local annual average temperatures. Thus, selecting appropriate caves will ensure the accuracy of statistical results in understanding the difference between cave temperatures and local annual average temperatures. Though some individual results may influence statistical results, the positive correlation between the temperature difference inside and outside the cave and latitude indicated by the 48 cave data will not change. Finally, the long-term monitoring in some closed cave systems at different latitudes can increase the precision of the results.Our study highlights the local seasonal heat distribution and heat transport in the cave as the primary factors that influence cave temperatures, and our study will contribute to a better understanding and protection of the karst cave environment.
- karst cave /
- cave temperature /
- temperature difference inside and outside the cave /
- spatial discrepancy /
- temperature anomaly of the warm season

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图 1 云南普者黑排龙洞位置(a)及排龙洞监测点位置(b)

Figure 1. Location of Pailong cave (a) and monitoring sites (b) in Pailong cave of Puzhehei in Yunnan

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图 2 云南普者黑排龙洞洞口及洞穴内部温湿度变化与当地温湿度对比

Figure 2. Comparison between changes in temperature and humidity at the entrance of and inside Pailong cave and the local temperature and humidity

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图 3 当地气温、排龙洞洞口和洞穴内部月平均温度与模拟温度差变化图

Figure 3. Difference between local temperature, monthly average temperature and simulated temperature at the entrance of and inside Pailong cave

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图 4 暖季温度距平与经纬度分布的关系

Figure 4. Correlation between temperature anomaly in the warm season and longitude and latitude

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表 1 排龙洞洞外、洞口和洞穴内部月平均温度对比

Table 1. Comparison of the monthly average temperature outside, inside and at the entrance of Pailong cave

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
当地多年平均温度/ ℃	11.0	13.1	16.9	20.3	22.2	22.9	22.8	22.3	21.0	18.4	15.1	11.8
洞口月平均温度/ ℃	12.5	13.2	14.5	15.7	16.7	17.5	17.8	18.2	18.0	17.1	15.4	13.2
洞穴内部月平均温度/ ℃	19.1	19.1	19.1	19.1	19.2	19.2	19.1	19.2	19.2	19.1	19.1	19.1

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表 2 搜集的已发表的洞穴相关数据

Table 2. Cave-related data collected from published essays

洞穴名	纬度	经度	洞穴海拔高度/m	洞穴长度/m	洞穴上覆基岩厚度/m	洞顶年均植被指数	洞穴多年平均气温/℃	当地多年平均气温/℃	洞内外温度差值/℃
排龙洞(云南)	24.1269	104.1496	1 467	434	60	0.7486	19.10	18.30	0.86
珍珠洞(河北)^[16]	38.2600	113.7200	947	100	10	0.7935	9.00	13.00	−4.00
荣发洞(贵州)^[12]	25.6414	105.6350	1 079	50	20	0.7310	14.80	18.40	−3.60
凉风洞(贵州)^[15，24]	25.2667	108.0500	620	1 000	110	0.7914	15.10	18.60	−3.50
大消洞(贵州)^[25]	25.6308	105.6361	1 209	110	22	0.7223	14.90	18.40	−3.46
葫芦洞(南京)^[26−27]	32.0500	119.0333	70	64	7.5	0.7192	13.00	15.40	−2.40
仙云洞(福建)^[28-29]	26.5500	116.9833	970	2 470	40	0.8270	17.50	19.90	−2.40
芙蓉洞(重庆)^[30]	29.2289	107.9036	480	2 700	400	0.8059	16.40	18.70	−2.30
本寨洞(贵州)^[31-32]	26.4906	106.0839	1 478	300		0.7659	12.80	15.00	−2.20
玄母洞(贵州)^[12]	26.3075	106.1022	1 596	200	25	0.7779	12.80	15.00	−2.20
万象洞(甘肃)^[33]	33.3333	104.9833	1 200	1 100	140	0.7383	12.60	14.60	−2.00
七星洞(贵州)^[34]	25.9833	107.2667	987	383	90	0.7971	14.30	16.10	−1.85
梁天湾洞(重庆)^[35]	29.0833	107.1670	1 460		200	0.8442	13.50	15.00	−1.50
凉风洞(广西)^[36−37]	25.1989	110.5167	180	80	65	0.8078	18.4	19.50	−1.10
神奇洞(四川)^[38]	28.9333	109.1000	1 407	400		0.7994	11.70	12.80	−1.10
羊口洞(重庆)^[39]	29.0333	107.1833	2 140	2 245		0.8223	7.50	8.50	−1.00
羊子洞(重庆)^[40−41]	29.7833	107.7833	400	500		0.7520	16.00	17.00	−1.00
暖和洞(辽宁)^[42−43]	41.3333	124.9167	627	150	25	0.8787	6.00	7.00	−0.95
茅茅头大岩(广西)^[44−45]	25.5833	110.5997	209	690	150	0.8116	18.80	19.50	−0.70
玉华洞(福建)^[46−47]	27.1667	117.8167	300	5 000	40	0.8185	18.50	19.00	−0.50
水鸣洞(重庆)^[48]	29.7833	107.7833				0.7520	13.50	14.00	−0.50
龙泉洞(贵州)^[49]	25.5167	107.8333	520	1 300	115	0.7724	17.80	18.20	−0.40
和尚洞(湖北)^[50-52]	30.4469	110.4200	294	250	175	0.8040	17.70	18.00	−0.30
石将军洞(贵州)^[31,53]	26.2000	105.5000	1 300	500	100	0.6749	14.70	15.00	−0.30
科桑洞(新疆)^[54]	42.8667	81.7500	2 000			0.7594	4.20	4.50	−0.30
水南洞(广西)^[55−56]	25.2835	110.2679	170	250	90	0.5745	19.70	19.50	−0.20
东石崖洞(河南)^[57-58]	33.7833	111.5667	840		35	0.7777	13.00	13.10	−0.10
玲珑洞(湖南)^[59]	27.4833	111.5667	390	400	30	0.7263	18.00	18.00	0.00
盘龙洞(广西)^[17]	24.9609	110.3548	200	251	105	0.5745	19.50	19.50	0.00
祥龙洞(陕西)^[18]	33.0000	106.3333	940	1 200	50	0.7954	13.00	13.00	0.00
宝晶宫洞(广东)^[60−61]	24.1167	113.3500	610		170	0.7063	21.30	21.20	0.10
雪玉洞(重庆)^[62]	29.7833	107.7833	233	1643	200	0.7520	17.00	16.50	0.50
董哥洞(贵州)^[63]	25.3333	108.0833	608	1 107.7	100	0.8090	15.90	15.30	0.55
沙湾洞(贵州)^[64−65]	26.3600	105.7600	1 170	30	7	0.7114	17.50	16.70	0.80
三宝洞(湖北)^[54,66-67]	31.6667	110.4333	1 900		200	0.8404	8.50	7.50	1.00
石花洞(北京)^[68−70]	39.6500	115.9333		5 000	80	0.6537	13.00	11.90	1.10
朝营洞(贵州)^[12]	27.2306	105.1039	1 797	20	10	0.7629	13.50	12.00	1.50
宋崖洞(浙江)^[71]	29.1667	119.6667	268	809		0.7629	19.00	17.50	1.50
神农宫(江西)^[18]	28.7000	117.2500				0.4566	19.10	17.40	1.70
蓬莱仙洞(安徽)^[26]	30.2333	117.5333	170	3 000		0.8263	18.00	16.00	2.00
仙人洞(云南)^[72−73]	24.1167	104.1333	1 443		90	0.7328	18.70	16.70	2.00
韩家冲洞(贵州)^[12]	27.2422	105.0739	1 818	30	17	0.7855	14.20	12.00	2.20
开元洞(山东)^[74]	36.4089	118.0347	340	1 280	110	0.7261	15.00	12.80	2.20
九天洞(山东)^[13,75]	36.2667	118.0668	470	1 010		0.6836	15.00	12.50	2.50
鸡冠洞(河南)^[57]	33.7667	113.5667	900	5 600	35	0.8213	16.40	13.11	3.29
兴隆洞(河北)^[11]	40.4833	117.4833	710	42	120	0.7990	12.40	9.10	3.30
本溪庙洞(辽宁)^[76−77]	41.0500	125.5167	193	500	50	0.8286	11.50	7.40	4.10
本溪水洞(辽宁)^[78−79]	42.2972	124.0713	262	5 800		0.8451	12.00	7.80	4.20

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表 3 温度与影响因子的相关性分析

Table 3. Correlation analysis of temperature and other influencing factors

	洞穴多年平均气温/ ℃	当地多年平均气温/ ℃	内外温度差值/ ℃
纬度	−0.658**	−0.794**	0.367*
经度	0.149	−0.034	0.345*
洞穴海拔高度/m	−0.511**	−0.396**	−0.149
洞穴长度/m	0.044	−0.157	0.338*
洞穴上覆基岩厚度/m	0.172	0.167	−0.028
洞顶年均植被指数	−0.396**	−0.335*	−0.066
注：表示两种因子的相关性达到显著水平（P＜0.05）；表示两种因子的相关性达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）。 Note: indicates a significant correlation at a 0.05 level; ** indicates a significant correlation at a 0.01 level.

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