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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  > Accepted Manuscript
ZHOU Yangsong, YANG Yanna, LI Ao, SUN Wen, DING Maolin. Study on the Relationship Between Spatial Differentiation Patterns of Karst and Watershed Geomorphological Parameters in the Eastern Sichuan Anticlinal Area[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y036
Citation: ZHOU Yangsong, YANG Yanna, LI Ao, SUN Wen, DING Maolin. Study on the Relationship Between Spatial Differentiation Patterns of Karst and Watershed Geomorphological Parameters in the Eastern Sichuan Anticlinal Area[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y036
shu

Study on the Relationship Between Spatial Differentiation Patterns of Karst and Watershed Geomorphological Parameters in the Eastern Sichuan Anticlinal Area

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y036
  • 1.

    School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059

  • 2.

    China Railway Engineering Design Consulting Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100055

  • Received Date: 2025-04-11
  • Accepted Date: 2026-08-06
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-07-21
    • Available Online: 2026-10-15
    Abstract
  • The eastern Sichuan Basin is characterized by a typical ejective fold structure, with parallel anticlinal ridges and synclinal valleys trending NE−SW. Soluble carbonate rocks are extensively exposed in the cores of anticlines, whereas clastic rocks dominate the synclines. The particular karst conditions in these high and steep anticlines frequently lead to severe water inrush disasters during tunnel construction and trigger ecological problems. Routing tunnels to avoid intensely karstified zones is crucial for risk reduction. Previous studies have explored karst differentiation using landforms, drainage networks, fractal analysis, vertical zonation, transverse valley density, and groundwater circulation patterns. Tectonic fractures, especially tensile fractures formed by multi-phase deformation, are considered the principal pathways for early karst infiltration and exert long-term control on modern karst morphology. However, most existing methods rely directly on geomorphological statistics or single tectonic indicators, lacking an intermediate quantitative geomorphic parameter that links tectonic activity to karst development. This study proposes the use of drainage basin geomorphic indices to invert for the relative tectonic activity intensity (Iat). The method is based on the positive feedback mechanism between tectonics and landscape evolution: stronger activity produces more fractures, thus enhancing permeability and dissolution. Surface morphology records integrated neotectonic signals. Its advantages include sensitivity to subtle tectonic differences, readily available DEM data for rapid regional comparisons, and applicability at the early stage of tunnel route selection, reducing reliance on intensive boreholes.The study area is located in the eastern Sichuan tectonic belt, with elevations ranging from 200−300 m in river valleys to over 1500−2000 m on peaks. Based on the combination of anticlines and through-going valleys, the groundwater flow systems are divided into bilaterally incised, unilaterally incised, and plunging types. We selected the bilaterally incised Zhongliangshan anticline (complex flow system) and the plunging Jiajiaoshan anticline (simple flow system) for comparative analysis. Using 12.5 m resolution ALOS PALSAR DEM data and ArcGIS, sub-basins were delineated—65 in Jiajiaoshan and 75 in Zhongliangshan. Four indices were calculated: mean slope (Slope), hypsometric integral (HI), basin shape index (BS), and elongation ratio (Re). Each index was classified into four classes (1−4), representing extremely weak to extremely strong tectonic activity. Iat is the arithmetic mean of the four class values for each sub-basin, ranging from 1 to 4, with larger values indicating stronger activity. Sub-basin areas range from 0.47 to 6.27 km2 in Jiajiaoshan and from 0.70 to 12.40 km2 in Zhongliangshan; the larger areas in Zhongliangshan reflect stronger headward erosion induced by through-going valleys. The mean Iat values for the northern, central, and southern segments of the Jiajiaoshan anticline are 2.68, 2.63, and 2.50, respectively (north > central > south). The corresponding values for Zhongliangshan are 2.80, 2.46, and 2.51 (north > south > central). Two methods were used for validation. First, in Zhongliangshan, areas with high Iat coincide well with three known faults. Second, karst phenomena observed in field surveys show a strong quantitative correlation with Iat. In the northern segment of Zhongliangshan, Iat is the highest (2.80) and the karst density is the highest (1.42 features/km); the central segment has the lowest Iat (2.46) and the lowest density (0.69 features/km); the southern segment is intermediate (Iat=2.51, density=1.01). The variation of Iat in Jiajiaoshan also matches the observed karst development intensity.Conclusions: (1) Basin-based delineation can effectively reflect the spatial heterogeneity of tectonic activity. (2) The Iat index can distinguish differences between segments within an anticline and among different anticlines. (3) Zones with high Iat values coincide with intensely karstified areas, validating the positive feedback between fracturing and karstification. (4) This geomorphic parameter method provides a useful and low-cost tool for preliminary karst assessment in tunnel planning. However, its accuracy is limited by DEM resolution, and future use of higher-resolution data can improve reliability.

     

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