Evolutionary Characteristics of Discharge and Water Quality of Karst Springs in Shanxi under the Influence of Natural and Human Activitie

ZHANG Yu; ZHAO Yi; SHEN Haoyong; LIANG Yongping; FU Yajun; WANG Huiping; WANG Zhiheng; ZHAO Chunhong; WANG Jiangang; XIE Hao; REN Kun; ZHUO Linyang

doi:10.11932/karst2026y027

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Article Navigation > CARSOLOGICA SINICA > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

ZHANG Yu, ZHAO Yi, SHEN Haoyong, LIANG Yongping, FU Yajun, WANG Huiping, WANG Zhiheng, ZHAO Chunhong, WANG Jiangang, XIE Hao, REN Kun, ZHUO Linyang. Evolutionary Characteristics of Discharge and Water Quality of Karst Springs in Shanxi under the Influence of Natural and Human Activitie[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y027

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Evolutionary Characteristics of Discharge and Water Quality of Karst Springs in Shanxi under the Influence of Natural and Human Activitie

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y027

ZHANG Yu^1
,,
ZHAO Yi^{2, 3
,
,},
SHEN Haoyong^{2, 3},
LIANG Yongping^{2, 3},
FU Yajun¹,
WANG Huiping⁴,
WANG Zhiheng^{2, 3},
ZHAO Chunhong^{2, 3},
WANG Jiangang⁴,
XIE Hao^{2, 3},
REN Kun^{2, 3},
ZHUO Linyang^{2, 3}

1.
Shanxi Hydraulic Development Center, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
2.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
3.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China
4.
Jincheng Hydrology and Water Resources Affairs Center, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, China

Received Date: 2026-03-19
Available Online: 2026-08-25

Abstract

Abstract

Shanxi Province hosts the most extensive karst terrain in northern China and exhibits the most representative semi-arid karst features in the region. Its 19 major karst springs serve as critical water resources for regional socio-economic development and ecological security. Based on long-term discharge records (1956−2024) and three-phase water quality data (1986−1987, 2000−2005, and 2020−2025), this study systematically investigates the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of spring discharge and water quality under the combined impacts of natural variability and anthropogenic activities. The results reveal that: (1) The evolution of spring discharge can be divided into four stages. During the baseline period (1956−1960), discharge was governed predominantly by natural factors. In 1961−1980, climatic change and human activities contributed 69.5% and 30.5% to flow attenuation, respectively, with natural forces still dominant. In 1981−2000, the contributions shifted to 36.5% (climate) and 63.5% (human activities), making anthropogenic factors the primary driver. In 2001−2024, the contribution rates became 12.0% and 88.0%, respectively, indicating that human activities became the overwhelmingly dominant factor. (2) Over the past four decades, water quality has displayed a divergent trend of "improvement in legacy contaminants versus emergence of new problems". Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Pb, F⁻, and NH$_4^{+}$ have generally decreased, whereas ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, total hardness (TH), and total dissolved solids (TDS) have increased significantly. The dominant geochemical process driving these increases is the neutralization-dissolution reaction between acid mine drainage (or "old mine water")—generated by oxidation of pyrite in coal-measure strata within goaf areas—and the underlying Ordovician carbonate rocks. (3) Discharge evolution is controlled by climate change, groundwater abstraction, coal mining, changes in infiltration conditions, and artificial recharge projects. Water quality evolution is jointly influenced by lithology and geological structure, climate variability, groundwater pumping, coal mining activities, contaminant inputs, and engineered remediation measures. The study concludes that long-term intensive overexploitation of groundwater and coal resources have induced irreversible structural modifications to the karst aquifer systems. Coupled with the hysteresis effect of pollutant release from abandoned mine water, the major karst springs of Shanxi still face considerable challenges. We recommend synergistic management strategies encompassing optimized allocation of karst water resources, strict regulation of mining-related drainage, comprehensive treatment of "old mine water", and consolidation of ecological restoration achievements, so as to provide scientific support for the protection and sustainable management of major karst springs in northern China.
- Karst springs,
- Discharge,
- Water quality,
- Evolutionary characteristics,
- Driving factors

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Evolutionary Characteristics of Discharge and Water Quality of Karst Springs in Shanxi under the Influence of Natural and Human Activitie

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Evolutionary Characteristics of Discharge and Water Quality of Karst Springs in Shanxi under the Influence of Natural and Human Activitie

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