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Volume 45 Issue 2
Apr.  2026
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  >  45(2): 411-419
HE Wei, ZHANG Shilin, XU Kaiqi, ZHAO Geli. Analysis of development characteristics, treatment schemes, and effectiveness evaluation of mud and water inrush in tunnels within karst area[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 411-419. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y013
Citation: HE Wei, ZHANG Shilin, XU Kaiqi, ZHAO Geli. Analysis of development characteristics, treatment schemes, and effectiveness evaluation of mud and water inrush in tunnels within karst area[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 411-419. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y013
shu

Analysis of development characteristics, treatment schemes, and effectiveness evaluation of mud and water inrush in tunnels within karst area

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y013
  • 1.

    Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064 , China

  • 2.

    Hubei Jiaotong Bachu Construction Management Co., LTD., Enshi, Hubei 444300, China

  • 3.

    Institute of Exploration Technology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 611734, China

  • 4.

    Beijing Zhongjiao Engineering Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089 , China

  • 5.

    Yalong River Hydropower Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610051 , China

  • Received Date: 2025-09-23
  • Accepted Date: 2026-04-08
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-03-26
    Abstract
  • To ensure the safe construction of tunnel sections prone to mud and water inrush disasters in karst areas, taking the Naqing Tunnel of the Luowang Expressway in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province as a case study, the developmental characteristics and genesis of such disasters were first analyzed. Based on the evaluation results and considering practical engineering conditions, treatment solutions were designed from aspects such as advanced pre-support, karst cavities, lining, and waterproofing-drainage measures. Finally, a deformation prediction model for tunnels was jointly constructed using the Sparrow Search Algorithm and Support Vector Machine, namely the Sparrow Search Algorithm-Support Vector Machine model (SSA-SVM). This model was then applied to predict the deformation at sections ZK24+405 m and ZK24+400 m, with the prediction results used to understand the deformation patterns of the tunnel after disaster treatment and evaluate the rationality of the mitigation measures.The analysis results indicate that at the left tunnel section ZK24+405 m, mud ejection occurred during drilling at the left arch waist of the upper step on August 29, with a spraying distance exceeding 30 meters. The mud pressure in the borehole pushed the drill rod out, triggering a mud and water inrush disaster. By September 6, the inflow gradually decreased and stabilized, with on-site measurements showing a maximum flow rate of approximately 6,651.33 m3·d−1, indicating significant developmental characteristics of the disaster at this section. Measures such as advanced pre-support, segmented reinforcement of karst cavities, enhanced lining, and improved waterproofing-drainage were proposed to ensure safe construction in the disaster-prone section. Specifically, advanced pre-support involved grouted small guide pipes, with their length extended to 6 m. For the karst cavity from ZK24+405 m to ZK24+390 m, a "concrete backfill" measure was adopted; for the cavity from ZK24+390 m to ZK24+375 m, a "bentonite pre-support + protective arch + concrete backfill" approach was used; and for the cavity from ZK24+375 m to ZK24+348 m, a "concrete (shotcrete) backfill" measure was implemented. Lining reinforcement primarily involved "water diversion + pressure-resistant lining", while drainage enhancement primarily utilized a double-layer EVA waterproof membrane semi-encapsulation and C30 concrete self-waterproof structure, supplemented by additional drainage holes and densified circumferential drainage systems. In the prediction results for the ZK24+405 m section, the relative error for arch settlement ranged from 1.36% to 2.08%, and the relative error for horizontal convergence was between 1.63% and 1.80%; In the deformation prediction results of the ZK24+400 m cross-section, the relative errors for vault settlement were 1.78% and 2.14%, while the relative errors for horizontal convergence were 1.73% and 1.91%, respectively. Therefore, both cross-sections exhibited high prediction accuracy in the two types of monitoring items, with convergence trends observed in both categories. Except for the general convergence trend in vault settlement at the ZK24+405 m cross-section, all other deformation trends showed strong convergence. This confirms that tunnel deformation consistently remained within the design-required control limits, validating the effectiveness of various treatment measures.The study conducted through this paper has accumulated experience in the prevention and control of mud and water inrush disasters in karst tunnel areas, and the research findings possess certain practical value.

     

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