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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  > Accepted Manuscript
ZHANG Xinyao, XIAO Qiong, CHEN Fajia, SUN Pingan, GUO Yongli, ZHANG Ning, LI Jianhong, LIU Yifei, ZHOU Tiantong, TIAN Huanjie, Matej Blatnik, YUAN Daoxian. Utilization of inorganic carbon by aquatic plants and its regulation on water-air interface CO2 exchange in karst surface aquatic systems[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y010
Citation: ZHANG Xinyao, XIAO Qiong, CHEN Fajia, SUN Pingan, GUO Yongli, ZHANG Ning, LI Jianhong, LIU Yifei, ZHOU Tiantong, TIAN Huanjie, Matej Blatnik, YUAN Daoxian. Utilization of inorganic carbon by aquatic plants and its regulation on water-air interface CO2 exchange in karst surface aquatic systems[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y010
shu

Utilization of inorganic carbon by aquatic plants and its regulation on water-air interface CO2 exchange in karst surface aquatic systems

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y010
  • 1.

    Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographic Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

  • 2.

    Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR&GZAR/ International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

  • 3.

    Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China

  • 4.

    Institute of Natural Resources Survey, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China

  • 5.

    College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China

  • 6.

    Karst Research Institute, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Postonja SI−6230, Slovenia

  • Received Date: 2025-12-09
  • Accepted Date: 2026-03-17
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-03-16
    • Available Online: 2026-06-18
    Abstract
  • Geological carbon sinks have gained increasing attention as a critical component of the missing carbon sinks. In karst regions, the weathering of carbonate minerals converts atmospheric CO2 into dissolved ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$, which is then transported via rivers to the ocean, ultimately forming a stable carbon sink. Recent studies have shown that aquatic plants in karst regions have considerable carbon sink potential. Through photosynthesis, these plants absorb dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), thereby contributing to organic carbon sinks. Approximately 28.6% of global CO2 is assimilated via photosynthesis by aquatic organisms within the hydrological cycle. Aquatic plants regulate the carbonate equilibrium in aquatic environments during photosynthesis and respiration, leading to periodic fluctuations in water chemistry and ion concentrations. Studies indicate that aquatic plants in karst underground rivers utilize DIC most efficiently during the summer and exhibit diurnal variation patterns. Although previous research has highlighted the carbon sink potential of terrestrial and aquatic plants in karst regions, detailed monitoring of the carbon sink processes in aquatic plants within karst surface waters and quantitative studies on the biological carbon pump effect remain limited.This study aims to address this research gap by focusing on two common aquatic plants in karst regions, Ceratophyllum and Potamogeton and conducting high resolution monitoring at an aquatic biological experimental site. The objective is to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of karst aquatic systems in the carbon cycle from a biogeochemical perspective. First, data on water temperature (T), electrical conductivity (Ec), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the water were screened and processed in suit. Simultaneously, net primary productivity (NPP), CO2 exchange flux at the water−air interface (FCO2), and inorganic carbon flux at the cross−section (F) were systematically quantified, with corresponding charts generated for visual analysis. Second, evaluate the seasonal and diurnal variations in karst surface aquatic systems based on these indicators and analyze their underlying causes. Finally, systematically analyze the differences in seasonal NPP dynamics across aquatic systems driven by precipitation, exploring the biological carbon pump mechanisms and seasonal variations through which different aquatic plants enhance the carbon sink functions of karst water bodies via dual mechanisms.The conclusions are as follows: aquatic plants play a crucial role in regulating carbon cycling processes and carbon sink intensity, as demonstrated by studies conducted at the aquatic biological experimental site supplied by the karst river in Liuzhou, Guangxi (characterized by a typical HCO3−Ca2+ type). Seasonal and diurnal dynamics were observed at all locations (SK01—SK04): concentrations of pCO2, EC, and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ followed seasonal patterns, with higher values in autumn and winter, and lower values in spring and summer. Stronger circadian cycles were observed in SK03 and SK04, with higher daytime pH and DO, lower night−time pH, and a more pronounced “daytime decrease, night−time increase” pattern for pCO2, Ec, and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$. Three synergistic processes enable aquatic plants to enhance aquatic carbon sink: (1) NPP to directly fix organic carbon, with annual carbon sink increments of 0.08 kg·C and 0.17 kg·C in aquatic systems SK03 and SK04, respectively, compared to SK02; (2) Reducing gaseous inorganic carbon loss by inhibiting aquatic CO2 degassing; (3) Enhancing the stability of dissolved inorganic carbon and promoting ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ precipitation to increase inorganic carbon sink. Compared to the blank pond (SK02), the Ceratophyllum pond (SK03) and the Potamogeton pond (SK04) achieved net carbon sink increments of 19.61 kg·C and 6.01 kg·C in 2023, respectively. The ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ carbon fixation rates were 1.46 kg C·m−2·y−1 and 0.45 kg C·m−2·y−1, respectively. The fundamental carbon sink mechanism of “promoting fixation and suppressing release” comprises these three pathways. Different aquatic plants exhibit distinct carbon fixation patterns: Ceratophyllum, through its “photosynthesis-calcification coupling”mechanism, enhances NPP while efficiently driving inorganic carbon precipitation and strongly suppressing CO2 emissions. Potamogeton's carbon fixation relies more on rhizosphere metabolic activity, exhibiting relatively weaker overall carbon sink capacity and emission regulation intensity.The above analysis indicates that the metabolic processes of aquatic plants in karst water significantly influence the carbon cycle. Future research should delve into the carbon sink capacity and mechanisms of different aquatic plants under varying environmental conditions, as well as their impact on long−term changes in the carbon cycle. Additionally, studies should focus on the interactions between aquatic plants and other ecological factors in karst water to further elucidate how biogeochemical processes affect carbon sink effects. This study analyzed aquatic plant carbon sink solely within the karst river of a typical karst peak cluster depression area in southwest China. The findings may exhibit regional limitations, and the research depth has certain constraints. The discovery that aquatic plants can simultaneously achieve “enhanced sink” and “emission reduction” in karst water, yielding dual environmental benefits, not only highlights the pivotal role of photosynthetic carbon sink by aquatic plants in karst carbon sink research, but also provides a robust theoretical basis for artificial carbon sink enhancement.

     

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