Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions

WANG Yu

doi:10.11932/karst2026y005

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WANG Yu. Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y005

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WANG Yu. Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2026y005

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Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions

doi: 10.11932/karst2026y005

WANG Yu^{1, 2
,}

1.
Kunming Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Kunming 650111, China
2.
Yunnan Geological Survey, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China

Received Date: 2025-10-09
Accepted Date: 2025-12-30
Rev Recd Date: 2025-12-26

Available Online: 2026-03-24

Abstract

Abstract

New demands in natural resource management, ecological environment protection, and integrated water resource investigation and assessment have driven research on the transformation characteristics and monitoring-evaluation methods of the "three waters" (atmospheric water, surface water, and groundwater) in the karst areas of southern China. The research trends are mainly manifested in four aspects: (1) Focus on the conditions of complex underlying surfaces and heterogeneous media, and combine regional geographical and climatic factors to deepen the exploration of regional-scale "three waters" transformation conditions; (2) Strengthen hydrogeological surveys, experiments, and monitoring of the spatial structure, hydrodynamic properties, and transformation processes of transformation boundaries, so as to clarify the mechanisms and laws of "three waters" transformation at the boundaries; 3) Conduct comprehensive multi-scale and multi-factor studies to reveal transformation patterns and their interrelationships, take into account regional and ecosystem differences, and construct more targeted and universal models; (4) Develop automated and intelligent monitoring equipment, enhance data analysis, and improve cross-departmental data sharing mechanisms.Guided by the theory of systems science, and based on the principles of hydrology, hydraulics, hydrogeology, groundwater dynamics, as well as the technologies and methods for water resource investigation and assessment, this paper sorts out the research trends of "three waters" transformation monitoring, analyzes the "three waters" transformation characteristics of different watershed types, and summarizes the monitoring contents, station layout, and evaluation principles and methods through the collection, collation, and comprehensive study of literature. It forms a systematic review to provide references for the practice of integrated water resource investigation and assessment and related research.Watershed geomorphology, as the dominant factor controlling the direction, path, and speed of water flow, directly affects the "three waters" transformation process and determines its basic characteristics. Therefore, the classification of watershed geomorphic forms is a prerequisite for the analysis of "three waters" transformation characteristics. Combined with the results of regional hydrogeological surveys, the main types of watershed geomorphic forms in the karst areas of southern China can be summarized into three categories: deeply incised canyon watersheds, shallowly incised wide-valley watersheds, and intermontane basin watersheds.The key interfaces for "three waters" transformation in the karst areas of southern China are complex and diverse, mainly including: the surface underlying surface and vadose zone, which are the initial interfaces for precipitation transformation; springs, spring groups, or diffuse discharge zones where aquifers (zones) are exposed; The groundwater-surface water interaction zone beneath and on both sides of surface water bodies such as gullies, riverbeds, lakes, and wetlands; and sinking stream inlets and underground river outlets unique to karst areas. Different from the planar geometric interfaces in the distribution areas of layered porous aquifers in alluvial plains, these interfaces have more complex forms.The monitoring layout for "three waters" transformation shall follow the principles of full-process monitoring, key point enhancement, and systematic correlation. Specifically, it is necessary to arrange monitoring stations throughout the process from the runoff generation area, recharge area, runoff area to the discharge and confluence area; densify monitoring points at the key interfaces of "three waters" transformation and areas affected by human activities; and construct a complete spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring system for "three waters" transformation through synchronous multi-factor monitoring at stations. Meanwhile, the monitoring layout shall take into account the differences in "three waters" transformation characteristics of different watershed types: for deeply incised canyon watersheds, monitoring of the rapid transformation process under gully control shall be strengthened based on the characteristics of vertical gradients and linear confluence; for shallowly incised wide-valley watersheds, monitoring of the double-layer runoff process with interwoven surface and groundwater shall be enhanced in combination with the characteristics of the karst diversion network system; for intermontane basin watersheds, aiming at the characteristics of layered structure and clear zoning, monitoring shall focus on the transformation processes of edge input, internal alternation, and basin bottom output.The monitoring and evaluation methods for "three waters" transformation are characterized by the combination of traditional and modern methods, and the promotion and application of modern new technologies and methods show a strong momentum. Since all types of methods have limitations as well as advantages and disadvantages, different methods need to be used in combination in practice to make up for the defects of a single method through mutual inspection and verification.
- surface water watershed,
- groundwater system,
- "three waters" transformation,
- dynamic monitoring,
- water resource assessment

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Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions

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Transformation Characteristics and Monitoring-Evaluation Methods of Atmospheric Water, Surface Water, and Groundwater in Southern Karst Regions

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