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Volume 45 Issue 2
Apr.  2026
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  >  45(2): 399-410
YAO Kezhui, KANG Xiaobing, XU Mo, LU Danmei, LAN Haimin, WANG Shengjie, DAI Wenhao. Study on the mechanism and treatment of water inrush in the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel on the new Guilin-Liucheng expressway in Guangxi[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 399-410. doi: 10.11932/karst20260207
Citation: YAO Kezhui, KANG Xiaobing, XU Mo, LU Danmei, LAN Haimin, WANG Shengjie, DAI Wenhao. Study on the mechanism and treatment of water inrush in the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel on the new Guilin-Liucheng expressway in Guangxi[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 399-410. doi: 10.11932/karst20260207
shu

Study on the mechanism and treatment of water inrush in the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel on the new Guilin-Liucheng expressway in Guangxi

doi: 10.11932/karst20260207
  • 1.

    Hydrogeological and Engineering Geological Team of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou,Guangxi 545006,China

  • 2.

    College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059,China

  • Received Date: 2024-09-25
  • Accepted Date: 2025-07-21
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-06-05
    Abstract
  • The problem of water inrush and mud gushing is a major hazard encountered during the construction of karst tunnels. During the excavation of the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel on the Guilin–Liucheng expressway in Guangxi, karst caves were discovered at XK0+410 m and XK0+365 m, respectively. The karst pipelines exposed by the inclined shaft excavation caused groundwater to gush from the karst cave at XK0+365 m after rainfall, flowing back into the tunnel along the inclined shaft and disrupting construction. In May to June of 2020, the tunnel site experienced a rainstorm that significantly increased water inrush at XK0+365 m due to the karst cave, with a maximum flow rate of approximately 300 m³·h−1. Meanwhile, large-scale water accumulation occurred in the Xiaguling Depression, located south of the inclined shaft entrance, with water depths ranging from 1.50 to 4.67 m and a flood level of 444.874 m. The massive inflow of accumulated water into the tunnel made construction impossible, severely impeding project progress.This study takes the water inrush from the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel on the Guilin–Liucheng expressway as the research object. Through karst hydrogeological surveys, high-density electrical resistivity prospecting, and connectivity experiments conducted in the tunnel site area, the study identified the water inrush channels and sources associated with the inclined shaft. It elucidated the genetic mechanism of water inrush, predicted the volume of water inflow, validated the accuracy of prediction in conjunction with the water inrush mechanism, and comprehensively compared three treatment measures. The results indicate the following: (1) During the construction of the Siding tunnel inclined shaft, a karst conduit was exposed,through which rainfall surged into the working area,resulting in a water inrush disaster.The primary sources of the water inrush are identified as:water from gullies on the hillslope,groundwater discharged via underground river conduits from the Duzhangtun depression from the north,and groundwater discharged from underground river tributary near Malong village from the northeast. All of these sources originate from atmospheric precipitation collected in karst negative terrains. (2) The formation process of the water inrush disaster at the Siding tunnel was as follows:during the construction of the inclined shaft,the upper conduit of the Duzhang underground river was exposed,resulting in immediate water inflow upon the occurrence of rainfall.Under heavy rain conditions,in addition to the drainage of rainwater from high-elevation depressions,the water level in the Xiaguling depression rose to 443.7 m, causing backflow into the tunnel's inclined shaft.The synergistic effect of these two factors led to a major water inrush.The water inrush mechanism at the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel is classified as karst conduit-type water inrush, which can be divided into two processes: ① Rainwater drainage from high-elevation karst depressions. When the elevation of a karst depression is higher than that of the tunnel, after rainfall,water accumulates within the depression and flows along the karst conduit,discharging into the inclined shaft through the karst cave opening exposed during excavation. ② Backflow from low-elevation karst depressions. When the elevation of a karst depression is lower than that of the tunnel, during heavy rainfall,a large volume of rainwater accumulates instantaneously in the depression.Due to poor drainage, the water level rises continuously.When the water level exceeds the elevation of the karst conduit exposed by excavation,a hydraulic head difference drives the accumulated water to backflow into the inclined shaft via the karst conduit,resulting in a major inrush. (3) Based on the principle that groundwater in karst areas should be drained rather than blocked, and considering the sources of water inrush, channels, topography, and karst development characteristics of the inclined shaft of the Siding tunnel, a measure of intercepting and externally diverting water was adopted. This involved intercepting part of the floodwater in the Duzhangtun depression and using the natural drainage channel developed at the northwestern foot of the mountain in Duzhangtun to divert some of floodwater to Matang’ao village by raising the water level. Simultaneously, the accumulated water in the depression was directly diverted into the Tianchuang karst cave through tunnels or open ditches to achieve rapid drainage, reduce the flood level in the depression, and thereby decrease recharge sources and the water pressure in karst conduits. This approach effectively solves the water inrush problem in the inclined shaft and provides a basis for the treatment of water inrush in shallow-buried tunnels in similar karst areas. This study not only ensures the construction safety of the Siding tunnel, but also holds significant importance for ecological protection in the tunnel site area.

     

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