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Volume 45 Issue 2
Apr.  2026
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  >  45(2): 368-379
FAN Hongwei, YANG Xingyu, ZHOU Huoming, GUO Xifeng, HUANG Qibo. Application of comprehensive detection techniques in leakage analysis of karst reservoirs[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 368-379. doi: 10.11932/karst20260206
Citation: FAN Hongwei, YANG Xingyu, ZHOU Huoming, GUO Xifeng, HUANG Qibo. Application of comprehensive detection techniques in leakage analysis of karst reservoirs[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 368-379. doi: 10.11932/karst20260206
shu

Application of comprehensive detection techniques in leakage analysis of karst reservoirs

doi: 10.11932/karst20260206
  • 1.

    Chongqing Branch of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Chongqing 400026, China

  • 2.

    Institute of Karst Geology , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

  • Received Date: 2024-12-29
  • Accepted Date: 2025-06-03
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-03-01
    Abstract
  • The reservoir is located in Fengdu county, Chongqing Municipality. After impoundment, karst collapses occurred successively on both the left and right banks at the reservoir tail. Reservoir water rapidly leaked through sinkholes within the collapse pits, causing a sharp decline in the water level and severely impacting normal functioning of the reservoir.To identify the cause and characteristics of the leakage, this study employed a combination of regional karst hydrogeological surveys, geophysical exploration, and geological drilling techniques to systematically investigate the leakage problem at the reservoir tail. The following new insights were obtained: (1) Regional karst hydrogeological surveys indicate the presence of a NE–SW trending limestone belt of the middle Ordovician Baota formation (O2b) traversing the reservoir tail. Karst development is highly pronounced within this layer, commonly featuring solution fissures, caves, and conduits. Field surveys identified multiple sinkholes distributed in a bead-like pattern along the strike of this limestone formation. Tracer tests confirmed the existence of an underground river flowing through the reservoir in a NE–SW direction, with its outlet at Laolong cave, located 3.2 km southwest of the reservoir. The longitudinal gradient of this underground river system is steep, with a vertical drop of approximately 130 m. The development of various karst features at the reservoir tail and the direction of groundwater flow are both influenced by this underground river system. Reservoir impoundment induced the collapses of sinkholes on both banks, allowing reservoir water to directly access into the underground river and discharge at Laolong cave. This has been identified as the fundamental cause of the sudden drop in the reservoir water level. (2) Controlled Source Audio-Frequency Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) and the High-Density Resistivity (HDR) method were selected as geophysical exploration techniques to characterize the spatial distribution of the underground river. These two methods complemented and mutually validated each other's findings. Three CSAMT survey lines were deployed. The results revealed a relatively enclosed low-resistivity zone extending from the left bank to the right bank, with elevations ranging from 1,510 m to 1,500 m, showing a gradual decrease in elevation from left to right. Additionally, three HDR survey lines were conducted. The results indicated underground river elevations of approximately 1,530 m at the low adjacent valley on the left bank, approximately 1,515 m at the left bank of the reservoir, and approximately 1,500 m at survey line yd-4 on the right bank mountain. The gradient of the karst conduit within the reservoir area is inferred to be 1.5% to 2.0%. The alignment of anomalous zones identified by both methods generally follows a NE–SW direction, consistent with the bedrock strike. Furthermore, the elevation of these anomalous zones gradually decreases from the left bank to the right bank, further confirming that the underground river primarily develops along the bedrock strike, flowing from NE to SW. (3) Geological boreholes were drilled based on geophysical anomalies. These boreholes revealed significant vertical karst development within the Baota formation limestone at the reservoir tail. Borehole CZK1 intersected a karst cave; the elevated position of this conduit and its proximity to a sinkhole on the right bank suggest that it is a branch conduit connecting the right bank sinkhole to the underground river. Borehole CZK3 encountered a cavity nearly three-meter high, located near the bottom of the Baota formation limestone at elevations between 1,519.26 m and 1,516.36 m. Water level monitoring in the boreholes indicated shallow water levels within the conduits and significant silt accumulation, supporting the interpretation that this feature represents the underground river karst conduit. (4) Based on integrated geophysical exploration and geological drilling, the elevation of the karst conduit floor of the underground river in the reservoir area ranges from 1,516.36 m on the left bank to 1,513.36 m on the right bank. The estimated conduit dimensions are approximately 2.7 m in width and 2.9 m in height. Near the reservoir head and surrounding areas, the Shizipu formation (O2s) serves as a relatively impermeable layer. On the left bank, the underground river conduit near the reservoir tail passes through the Baota Formation limestone, where the burial depth of the relatively impermeable layer increases closer to the tail. Weakly karstified rock masses on this side act as the lower impermeability boundary. The recommended anti-seepage floor elevation for the left bank is approximately 1,516.0 m. (5) During the investigation phase of karst reservoirs, comprehensive regional karst hydrogeological surveys must be conducted to accurately characterize groundwater flow paths. Only through this approach can the impoundment conditions of the reservoir be clearly understood. In reservoir leakage investigations, relying solely on a single geophysical method or a single borehole to identify leakage pathways and directions is suggested be avoided.This study has elucidated the causes, pathways, and key channel characteristics of leakage at the reservoir. The findings provide a direct foundation for the subsequent design of anti-seepage engineering measures for this reservoir and offer valuable reference for the detection and prevention of similar leakage issues in reservoirs located in karst regions.

     

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