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Volume 45 Issue 2
Apr.  2026
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  >  45(2): 302-315, 328
PAN Hongxu, LYU Yuzeng, ZHAO Rongchun, LU Jieming, ZHAO Dewei. Application of microtremor exploration for karst investigation in the construction area of a highway,Guangxi[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 302-315, 328. doi: 10.11932/karst20260203
Citation: PAN Hongxu, LYU Yuzeng, ZHAO Rongchun, LU Jieming, ZHAO Dewei. Application of microtremor exploration for karst investigation in the construction area of a highway,Guangxi[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(2): 302-315, 328. doi: 10.11932/karst20260203
shu

Application of microtremor exploration for karst investigation in the construction area of a highway,Guangxi

doi: 10.11932/karst20260203

  • College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China

  • Received Date: 2025-09-05
  • Accepted Date: 2026-04-16
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-03-24
    Abstract
  • Karst collapses are major geological hazards that severely threaten the safety of engineering infrastructure due to their concealed nature, complex formation mechanisms, and sudden occurrence. These hazards are particularly prevalent in regions with extensive carbonate rock exposure and active groundwater systems, such as southwest China. Detecting and characterizing concealed karst features with high accuracy is a critical challenge for geotechnical engineering and hazard prevention. This study systematically investigates the application of microtremor exploration technique for detailed karst detection and evaluates its effectiveness through a case study of a collapse-prone section of a highway in Rong’an County, Guangxi, China.Karst terrains are formed by the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks under hydrodynamic and climatic conditions, covering large areas worldwide and creating complex subsurface environments prone to hazards such as sinkholes, subsidence, and uneven settlement. Traditional methods for karst detection, including geological mapping, borehole drilling, and geophysical surveys, face limitations in urban or densely populated areas. Geological surveys often lack precision for concealed voids; drilling provides direct evidence but is expensive and spatially discontinuous; and conventional geophysical techniques, such as electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction, and ground-penetrating radar, suffer from shallow penetration, sensitivity to noise, or operational constraints in complex environments. Microtremor exploration, which uses ambient vibrations as the natural energy source, has emerged as a promising non-invasive alternative. This technique extracts Rayleigh-wave dispersion characteristics from recorded microtremor signals and applies inversion algorithms to construct subsurface shear-wave velocity models. Since karst cavities and dissolution zones exhibit low density and reduced rigidity, they appear as low-Vs anomalies, providing a diagnostic indicator for detection.The research area lies within a complex structural zone at the southern margin of the Jiangnan ancient landmass, characterized by multiple folding and faulting events. The lithology includes thick sequences of limestone, dolomite, and marl interbedded with clastic sediments, creating ideal conditions for karst development. Abundant fractures and active groundwater circulation further accelerate dissolution processes. During construction of Pier No. 1 on an elevated highway bridge, sudden ground collapse and adjacent building cracks occurred, indicating active subsurface karst processes. The site posed challenges for conventional surveys due to dense residential housing, high traffic flow, and limited space for large-scale instrument deployment, making microtremor exploration the preferred choice. A linear microtremor array configuration was adopted to balance detection resolution and operational efficiency under spatial constraints. Thirteen stations were deployed with a 2 m spacing along two profiles: Line 1 (100 m length) crossing a known collapse zone and Line 2 (20 m length) near damaged residential buildings. Each station was precisely positioned using Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS to achieve centimeter-level accuracy. Special attention was given to station−ground coupling through excavation and backfilling with clay for loose soils or gypsum bonding for hard surfaces. Continuous microtremor recordings were acquired for 15 minutes per station, ensuring adequate signal quality and noise suppression.Data preprocessing involved noise filtering, Fourier and wavelet spectral analysis, and bandpass filtering to enhance signal fidelity. Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves were extracted using the Extended Spatial Autocorrelation (ESPAC) method, which improves resolution for complex arrays through multi-station cross-correlation and Bessel function fitting. Nonlinear inversion was performed using a genetic algorithm, iteratively adjusting model parameters until synthetic and observed dispersion curves achieved optimal fit. The final Vs models were visualized using contour mapping to highlight lateral and vertical heterogeneities. Profile analysis revealed distinct four-layer stratigraphy: (1) 2 to 3 m thick Quaternary fill and fluvial-alluvial clayey soil (Vs = 100 to 220 m·s−1); (2) 3 to 8 m thick strongly weathered limestone (Vs = 220 to 340 m·s−1); (3) Moderately weathered limestone (Vs = 340 to 460 m·s−1); (4) Weakly weathered limestone and unweathered limestone (Vs = 460 to 1180 m·s−1). Multiple low-Vs anomalies (100 to 340 m·s−1) were identified within the bedrock, appearing as funnel-shaped or Y-shaped zones extending to depths of 8 to 23 m. Line 1 revealed five major anomalies, including a continuous 50 m-long zone at 8 to 16 m depth corresponding to known collapse locations. Line 2 detected a prominent Y-shaped anomaly beneath cracked buildings, indicating dissolution conduits and fracture networks linked to uneven settlement.Borehole verification at key anomaly locations confirmed the presence of karst features. For example, borehole ZK1 intersected cavities and fractures filled with severely fractured and disintegrated limestone at 10 to 14 m depth, matching the Line 1 anomaly. Similarly, borehole ZK2 intersected poorly consolidated material at 12 to 14 m depth within the Line 2 anomaly. These findings validate the reliability of microtremor exploration in delineating karst features with high accuracy. Compared with conventional methods, microtremor exploration demonstrated clear advantages: (1) Strong spatial resolution for identifying both horizontal and vertical karst structures; (2) Adaptability to urban environments without the need for artificial seismic sources; and (3) Minimal environmental impact. However, limitations include sensitivity to station coupling and reduced resolution for deep structures, the future research are suggested focusing on the multi-array joint inversion and low-frequency enhancement techniques. This study demonstrates the microtremor exploration technique, combined with ESPAC dispersion analysis and genetic algorithm inversion, provides an effective and non-invasive approach for high-resolution karst detection in complex environments. The method successfully identified concealed cavities, dissolution channels, and fracture zones that were later confirmed by drilling. Its proven capability to operate under space-constrained and noise-prone conditions makes it an essential tool for risk assessment and hazard mitigation in engineering projects across karst terrains.

     

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