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Volume 45 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  >  45(1): 179-192
LU Danmei, DENG Zhong, YAO Kezhui, ZENG Jiahua, WANG Shengjie, QUAN Lyuxing, GUO Deheng, TIAN Peng. Analysis of the formation mechanism of karst collapse in the Panlong lead-zinc mine, Wuxuan, Guangxi[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(1): 179-192. doi: 10.11932/karst20260111
Citation: LU Danmei, DENG Zhong, YAO Kezhui, ZENG Jiahua, WANG Shengjie, QUAN Lyuxing, GUO Deheng, TIAN Peng. Analysis of the formation mechanism of karst collapse in the Panlong lead-zinc mine, Wuxuan, Guangxi[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 45(1): 179-192. doi: 10.11932/karst20260111
shu

Analysis of the formation mechanism of karst collapse in the Panlong lead-zinc mine, Wuxuan, Guangxi

doi: 10.11932/karst20260111

  • Hydrogeological and Engineering Geological Team of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China

  • Received Date: 2024-10-16
  • Accepted Date: 2025-02-20
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-01-03
    • Available Online: 2026-05-27
    Abstract
  • Karst collapse is a major geological hazard in karst areas, characterized by suddenness and concealment. Over the years, human engineering activities-such as mining at the Panlong lead-zinc mine in Wuxuan, Guangxi, and the impoundment of the Datengxia Reservoir-have triggered more than 100 karst collapse events in the mining area. These events pose serious threats to human life, property, and public safety. To elucidate the development patterns and triggering mechanisms of successive karst collapses at the Panlong lead-zinc mine, comprehensive investigations and studies were conducted. These include field surveys, hydrogeological and engineering geological drilling, geophysical exploration, long-term groundwater dynamic monitoring, and in-situ hydrogeological testing. The main research findings are as follows.1. The fragile geological environment, characterized by moderately-to highly-developed underground karst, thin overburden layers, and moderate- to abundant groundwater resources, constitutes an intrinsic factor for karst collapse.The study area is extensively developed with underground karst features that serve as storage spaces or transport channels for groundwater and collapse materials. Groundwater resources are abundant, while the overburden layers are relatively thin, and the soil exhibits poor engineering geological properties, facilitating the formation of soil caves due to groundwater activity. These fragile geological environmental conditions are the internal cause of karst collapse in the study area.2. Long-term, large-scale groundwater dewatering is a key anthropogenic factor inducing karst collapse in the study area.Mine drainage has caused a rapid decline in groundwater levels, an increase in groundwater hydraulic gradient, and an enhanced erosion capacity of groundwater on the overlying soil. Long-term mine drainage, combined with the effects of rainfall (especially heavy rainfall) and reservoir impoundment on groundwater within the cone of depression, results in significant and frequent fluctuations in groundwater levels. These fluctuations are a critical external factor contributing to karst collapse in the study area.3. Based on the mining process and characteristics of collapse occurrences, karst collapse events at the Panlong Lead-Zinc Mine can be divided into three stages: the formation stage of depression funnel, the stabilization stage of depression funnel, and the impoundment stage of reservoir. The dominant geological forces and collapse modes vary moderately across these stages.(1) Formation stage of depression funnel: Mine drainage causes a decline in groundwater levels, forming a depression funnel and altering regional hydrogeological and engineering geological conditions. Before mining, the soil was mostly in a pressured, saturated state; however, after the sudden drop in water levels, it lost water buoyancy support, resulting in reduced stability and increased load effects. In addition, the increased groundwater flow velocity enhances soil transport capacity, while karst pipelines act as discharge channels for soil particles, thereby promoting the development of soil caves. Meanwhile, the rapid decline in water levels generates negative pressure within karst caves, triggering collapse under the combined effects of erosion and negative pressure.(2) Stabilization stage of depression funnel: Under specific mining depths, the drainage remains stable, and the depression funnel temporarily stops expanding. However, the dewatering effect continues, maintaining groundwater levels below the bedrock surface for an extended period. Sudden fluctuations in water and gas pressure within karst pipelines caused by heavy rainfall are the main triggering factors. For instance, six concentrated collapses occurred after a 120 mm heavy rainfall event on June 11, 2022. This heavy rainfall caused a sharp rise and fall in groundwater levels, forming an alternating cycle of positive and negative pressures. The rising water levels triggered a gas explosion effect, while the subsequent decline intensified seepage erosion and negative pressure effects. The combination of these factors with pre-existing soil caves ultimately resulted in collapse.(3) Impoundment stage of the Datengxia Reservoir: After the reservoir was impounded in March 2020, the water level of the Qianjiang River rose to 35–53 m. Changes in river water levels, combined with the effects of mine drainage and rainfall, exacerbated fluctuations in groundwater levels. During impoundment, river water recharges the groundwater, causing its level to rise; during regulation and storage phases, the decline in river water levels leads to a corresponding drop in groundwater levels. High-frequency variations in mine drainage result in frequent and significant fluctuations in groundwater levels, providing sufficient hydrodynamic and aerodynamic conditions for the formation, expansion, and collapse of soil caves.

     

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