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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2026  > Accepted Manuscript
HUANG Hailong, LU Jiayan, JIANG Fan, YANG Pengshuai. Application of 3D sonar seepage detection technology in deep mining engineering[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2025y023
Citation: HUANG Hailong, LU Jiayan, JIANG Fan, YANG Pengshuai. Application of 3D sonar seepage detection technology in deep mining engineering[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA. doi: 10.11932/karst2025y023
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Application of 3D sonar seepage detection technology in deep mining engineering

doi: 10.11932/karst2025y023
  • 1.

    Guangxi Institute of Hydrology Geology & Engineering Geology Investigation, Liuzhou 545006, China

  • 2.

    Natural Resources Ecological Restoration Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530022, China

  • 3.

    Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

  • Received Date: 2024-03-13
  • Accepted Date: 2025-07-21
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-06-13
    • Available Online: 2026-03-24
    Abstract
  • In regions characterized by extensive karst landform development, the extraction of deep mineral resources faces significant challenges in preventing and controlling water hazards. Hydrogeological parameters, which are essential for understanding groundwater movement patterns and assessing water hazard risks, critically influence the effectiveness of prevention measures in mining areas. Inaccurate acquisition of these parameters can easily lead to disasters such as water inrushes and sudden water surges during mining operations. These events not only jeopardize the safety of underground personnel but also pose risks to equipment, disrupt mining progress, result in substantial economic losses, and cause ecological damage.Currently, traditional methods for obtaining hydrogeological parameters on-site primarily include pumping tests, water injection tests, and water pressure tests. These methods, which rely on direct interaction with groundwater systems, can accurately determine key parameters of aquifers and have long been regarded as essential in the field of hydrogeological research. However, they are often associated with tedious on-site testing and high costs in practical applications. Furthermore, the process—from experimental design and on-site implementation to stable data collection and final analysis—can take several months or even years. This lengthy timeline significantly lags behind the demands of mining area development and construction, making it challenging to address the urgent need for dynamic water hazard prevention and control. Geophysical methods have become a widely utilized approach for obtaining hydrogeological parameters in the industry due to their distinct advantages. Unlike traditional experimental methods, geophysical techniques do not require large-scale destruction of geological formations, significantly reduce operational costs, and facilitate the preliminary exploration of extensive areas within a short timeframe, thereby enhancing efficiency. However, as detection depth increases, deep strata are influenced by various factors, including complex geological structures, the degree of rock weathering, and the chemical composition of groundwater. Consequently, the signal experiences significant attenuation and distortion during propagation, leading to a marked decline in detection accuracy. This challenge is particularly pronounced for deep karst aquifers, where intricate cave and fissure systems complicate the interpretation of geophysical signals, making it difficult to accurately represent the true hydrogeological parameters. This complexity poses potential risks for water hazard prevention and control in deep mining areas. In response to various technological challenges, 3D sonar seepage detection technology has emerged as an innovative method for obtaining hydrogeological parameters of deep karst aquifers. 3D sonar seepage detection technology effectively mitigates the issue of reduced detection accuracy with depth. Whether dealing with shallow weathered fissure aquifers or deep karst conduit systems extending hundreds or even thousands of meters, high-precision parameter determination is achievable. Additionally, its high-resolution imaging capability can visually represent the three-dimensional motion state of water flow within the borehole, providing a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of groundwater seepage dynamics.Based on this background, this study focuses on the Panlong Lead-Zinc Mine's deep mining area in Guangxi. Situated in the western region of Guangxi, which is characterized by intense karst development, the mine features a vigorous subsurface karst system that poses significant water hazard threats during deep mining operations. This study employs 3D sonar seepage detection technology, strategically deploying monitoring boreholes on both the eastern and western sides of the mining area to achieve a comprehensive and detailed characterization of groundwater seepage within the boreholes. Through prolonged and high-frequency data acquisition, a substantial volume of accurate seepage parameters—including seepage velocity, direction, flow rate, and permeability coefficient—was obtained. Building upon this data foundation, the spatial distribution patterns of these parameters were analyzed in depth to investigate the differences in groundwater seepage across various depths and regions. This analysis aims to reveal the water-conducting characteristics and karst development features of the aquifers on the eastern and western flanks of the mining area, thereby providing robust data support and a theoretical basis for the scientific formulation of water hazard prevention and control strategies for deep mining operations in the region. The research results indicate that sonar seepage detection technology can accurately evaluate the variation characteristics of parameters such as seepage velocity, seepage direction, permeability coefficient, and seepage flow rate with depth in deeply buried karst aquifers. It can also accurately predict the presence of groundwater runoff channels in the eastern part of the mining area at elevations between -25m and -78m, as well as below -85m at the water 22. Additionally, it can identify groundwater runoff channels in the western part of the mining area at elevations below -90m at the SK4. The total proven seepage flow in the mining area is 6,494.31m3/d, which represents only one-third of the daily drainage in the region. Groundwater seepage flow on the eastern and western sides of the mining area accounts for 58% and 42% of the total seepage flow, respectively. The sonar seepage detection technology is limited by the arrangement of measurement hole positions. Utilizing key measurement holes (holes revealing the main runoff channels) for detection significantly enhances the accuracy of predicting water inflow in mining areas.

     

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