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Volume 44 Issue 6
Dec.  2025
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2025  >  44(6): 1225-1240
SHI Jialiang, TAO Lanchu, LUO Ping, HE Siteng, ZHAN Fangdong. Characteristics and influencing factors of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrients in the soil-plant-litter continuum of typical communities in mid-high mountain karst areas[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 44(6): 1225-1240. doi: 10.11932/karst20250606
Citation: SHI Jialiang, TAO Lanchu, LUO Ping, HE Siteng, ZHAN Fangdong. Characteristics and influencing factors of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrients in the soil-plant-litter continuum of typical communities in mid-high mountain karst areas[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 44(6): 1225-1240. doi: 10.11932/karst20250606
shu

Characteristics and influencing factors of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrients in the soil-plant-litter continuum of typical communities in mid-high mountain karst areas

doi: 10.11932/karst20250606
  • 1.

    Kunming General Survey of Natural Resources Center, China Geological Survey, Kunming, Yunnan 650111, China

  • 2.

    College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China

  • 3.

    Innovation Base for Ecogeological Evolution, Protection and Restoration of Southwest Mountainous Areas, Geological Society of China, Kunming, Yunnan 650111, China

  • 4.

    Technology Innovation Center for Natural Ecosystem Carbon Sink, Ministry of Natural Resources, Kunming, Yunnan 650111, China

  • Received Date: 2024-10-29
  • Accepted Date: 2025-08-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-07-15
    Abstract
  • This study focuses on the mid-high mountain karst rocky desertification areas in northwestern Yunnan, aiming to elucidate the stoichiometric characteristics and influencing mechanisms of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) within the soil-plant-litter continuum in this region. It is of great significance for an in-depth understanding of ecosystem cycles in mid-high mountain karst areas and provides theoretical support for ecological restoration efforts.The study area is located in Shuhe town and Jiuhe township, south of Yulong Snow Mountain, on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. It lies within the transition zone between China's first and second terrain steps. The region features complex terrain with numerous high mountains and valleys, and an altitude ranging from 2,544 m to 3,090 m. Carbonate rocks are widely distributed, with limestone as the main soil-forming parent material, resulting in an extremely slow rate of soil formation through weathering; The predominant soil type is brown soil. The area experiences a plateau monsoon climate characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons, an annual average temperature of 13℃ to 20 ℃, and an annual average rainfall of 950 mm to1200 mm, over 85% of which occurs between May and October. Solar radiation remains strong throughout the year. Vegetation is characterized by xerophytism, lithophytism, and calciphilia, with key species including Arundinella hookeri Munro ex Keng, Tripogon yunnanensis J. L. Yang ex S. M. Phillips & S. L., Festuca ovina L., Lespedeza forrestii Schindl., Rhododendron racemosum Franch., Quercus guyavifolia H. Lév., Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl., Pinus yunnanensis Franch., Juniperus formosana Hayata, Cupressus duclouxiana Hickel.Targeting the ecological vulnerability of mid-high mountain karst areas and addressing existing research gaps, this study analyzes the C, N, and P contents and stoichiometric characteristics of soil, plants, and litter under different vegetation community types. It further explores the impacts of community types and environmental factors on nutrient cycling. This study focuses on answering two core questions: first, the variation patterns of C, N, and P contents and ecological stoichiometric characteristics in the soil-plant-litter continuum; Second, the specific effects of vegetation community types on C, N, and P contents within this continuum.From July to August 2023, the survey was conducted in the study area encompassing five typical community types: grassland, shrub-grass, arbor-shrub-grass-cypress, pure pine, and arbor-shrub-grass-pine. The grassland type includes three communities, while the shrub-grass, arbor-shrub-grass-cypress, pure pine, and arbor-shrub-grass-pine types each included five communities, totaling 23 communities. For each community, three parallel sample plots were selected, resulting in a total of 69 sample plots. In each sample plot, a standard 10 m×10 m quadrat was established, along with a representative 5 m×5 m shrub quadrat and five 1 m×1 m herb quadrats arranged using the plum-point method. Indicators such as geographical location, altitude, community type, ecological restoration measures, soil thickness, vegetation coverage, rock exposure rate, and degree of rocky desertification were recorded. Community diversity was assessed using indices such as species richness and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Samples were analyzed for C, N, and P contents and stoichiometric characteristics of soil, plants, and litter, as well as the influence of environmental factors.The research results show that the average contents of soil C, N, and P across different community types were 7.46 to 43.25 g·kg−1, 1.05 to 2.96 g·kg−1, and 0.39 to 0.53 g·kg−1, respectively. The soil C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios ranged from 8.82 to 23.25, 21.74 to 105.25, and 2.89 to 6.33, respectively. Plant C, N, and P contents were 373.79 to 622.87 g·kg−1, 10.47 to 15.56 g·kg−1, and 1.43 to 2.14 g·kg−1, with plant C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios of 27.10 to 65.13, 272.85 to 624.26, and 7.23 to 10.72, respectively. Litter C, N, and P contents were 334.93 to 491.73 g·kg−1, 7.00 to 16.61 g·kg−1, and 1.16 to1.53 g·kg−1, with litter C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios of 23.70 to 72.17, 238.49 to 499.18, and 7.61 to 17.49, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the C, N, P contents and stoichiometric ratios of soil, plants, and litter among different community types. Soil and plant C and N nutrients generally showed a trend of gradual enrichment as community types transitioned from grassland to arbor, Specifically, the arbor-shrub-grass-pine, pure pine, and shrub-grass stages generally showed higher nutrient levels than the grassland and arbor-shrub-grass-cypress stages, while litter exhibited the opposite trend. Soil was generally deficient in P, but plants and litter did not exhibit signs of P deficiency. In terms of stoichiometric ratios, and soil C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios in pure pine, arbor-shrub-grass-pine, and shrub-grass types were significantly higher than those in arbor-shrub-grass-cypress and grassland types. Conversely, plant and litter C/N and C/P ratios in arbor-shrub-grass-cypress type were significantly higher than those in other types. There were widespread correlations in nutrient contents among soil, plants, and litter. Environmental factors such as community type, altitude, and degree of rocky desertification had significant impacts on stoichiometric characteristics, with complex correlations among factors. The relative importance of these influences was ranked as follows, altitude > ecological restoration measures > degree of rocky desertification > community type > soil thickness > vegetation coverage.Vegetation growth in mid-high mountain karst areas is jointly limited by N and P, with the degree of limitation varying among different community types. Compared with herbaceous and low shrub communities, arbor communities are more strongly constrained by N.

     

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