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Volume 42 Issue 3
Jun.  2023
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2023  >  42(3): 456-471
LIU Yugang, HE Qiufang, SHEN Licheng, FAN Jiaxin. Seasonal variation characteristics of dissolved organic matter composition and cycle process in caves[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(3): 456-471. doi: 10.11932/karst2023y23
Citation: LIU Yugang, HE Qiufang, SHEN Licheng, FAN Jiaxin. Seasonal variation characteristics of dissolved organic matter composition and cycle process in caves[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(3): 456-471. doi: 10.11932/karst2023y23
shu

Seasonal variation characteristics of dissolved organic matter composition and cycle process in caves

doi: 10.11932/karst2023y23

  • Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

  • Received Date: 2021-12-11
    Available Online: 2023-09-16
    Abstract
  • Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the key part and important carbon source of karst carbon sink. The migration and degradation of DOM in karst aquifers is an important carrier of material and energy transfer. However, due to the lack of long-term and in-depth research on the content, composition and migration process of DOM in karst groundwater, the transfer and metabolism process of organic carbon in cave water system and its impact on karst carbon sink process are still unclear. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), a colored soluble component in DOM, is often used to characterize DOM in marine and freshwater systems. It is also used to characterize the composition and change process of organic matter in the study of karst groundwater. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing, a commonly used method for the detection of non-cultured microorganisms, can comprehensively detect and analyze the bacterial community composition and species abundance in environmental samples. This study collected samples from the underground river in Fengdu Xueyu Cave, Chongqing on a quarterly basis, analyzed their hydrochemical indexes and organic carbon content, and characterized the changes in the composition and structure of organic carbon using CDOM fluorescence and UV-visible spectrum information. Combined with 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing, this study also analyzed the structural characteristics of bacterial communities in groundwater and the metabolic function genes of microorganisms based on Pecrust2 prediction. According to the metabolism and transformation process of organic carbon in cave water and its response to the external input of organic matter, we can understand the migration and transformation process of organic carbon in karst groundwater, and provide scientific information for the carbon cycle and carbon sink process of karst groundwater system.Xueyu Cave is located in the Longjiang Gorge in Fengdu county, Chongqing, the southwest karst region. The cave opening is exposed at the mid-mountain elevation of 340 meters. Affected by the subtropical monsoon climate, there are relatively obvious dry seasons with low precipitation (from October to April of the next year) and rainy seasons with high precipitation (from May to September). The flow of underground river in the cave is controlled by precipitation which is much higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. This study collected water samples from the deep part of the cave and at the mouth of the cave in the Xueyu Cave underground river on a quarterly basis in 2018 and analyzed their hydrochemical characteristics. It is found that the chemical type of the underground river water is a typical HCO3-Ca type, with high pH, high DIC and high Ca. PCA analysis shows that the hydrochemical indicators are mainly controlled by precipitation, and present a two-level distribution in the dry season and the rainy season. δD and δ18O content indicates that the evaporation effect and retention time of groundwater in the dry season are higher than those in the rainy season. Three CDOM components are found in the underground water of Xueyu Cave by CDOM three-dimensional fluorescence EEM parallel factor analysis, C1 is an endogenous tryptophan-like substance of microbial origin; C2 is an endogenous humic acid or fulvic acid of microbial origin; C3 is an exogenous humic acid component. The results of UV-visible absorption spectrum parameters and fluorescence spectrum parameters are similar, both of which indicate that the DOM components in the Xueyu Cave underground water are affected by inputs both from internal and external sources. The internal organic matter is mainly small molecular endogenous organic matter, accounting for 61%-77%. PCA analysis of organic carbon content and CDOM related indicators shows no obvious seasonal changes in terms of DOC and TOC content, while CDOM components, fluorescence spectrum parameters and absorption spectrum parameters demonstrate obvious seasonal differences. The fluorescence intensity and proportion of exogenous C3 in the rainy season are much higher than those in the dry season, while the proportions of endogenous C1 and C2 in the dry season are higher. In the fluorescence parameters, HIX indicates the humification degree of CDOM, with the average value of 1.89 in the dry season, lower than the average value of 2.00 in the rainy season. On the contrary, BIX indicates the contribution of endogenous DOM in the new generation. The mean value in the dry season is 0.88, higher than that in the rainy season. 16Sr DNA analysis of bacterial community diversity shows that the Xueyu Cave underground water is dominated by heterotrophic microorganisms, and there is a large difference in the microbial community structure between the rainy season and the dry season. The gene abundance of metabolic function predicted by Pecrust 2 demonstrates that the functional gene abundance related to the degradation of aromatic substances in the rainy season is 30%-56%, higher than that in the dry season. The above analyses show that the input of exogenous organic carbon introduced by rainfall is the main control factor of organic carbon composition and carbon metabolism process in karst groundwater. During the rainy season from May to September in the karst area of Southwest China, exogenous organic matter enters karst groundwater with rainstorms, and hence its content increases. The proportions of exogenous components in CDOM and the indexes of HIX, FI and other related spectral also increase. The change of organic matter compositions takes place with the change of bacterial community diversity. The abundance of functional genes that metabolize exogenous aromatic substances in underground water increases, so does the content of exogenous organic carbon output from underground water to the outside of the cave. During the dry season from October to April of the next year, the rainfall is about 1/4 of the rainy season. While the input of exogenous organic matter decreases, the retention time of karst groundwater is longer, and the process of microbial degradation and metabolism is more sufficient. Therefore, the CDOM spectrum of groundwater reflects stronger endogenous characteristics of microorganisms with higher proportion of endogenous CDOM components exported by karst groundwater to the outside of the cave. The study results show that the main source of organic carbon in karst groundwater is controlled by rainfall, and the input amount in the rainy season is higher than that in the dry season. The full degradation and metabolism of organic matter in groundwater by microorganisms in the dry season causes the endogenous enhancement in groundwater system, which has an important impact on the process of karst underground carbon sink.

     

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