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Volume 42 Issue 4
Nov.  2023
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2023  >  42(4): 795-808
YU Jie, MAO Xumei, PENG Hui, WEN Meixia, WANG Xin, FAN Wei, TANG Wei. Genesis mechanism of geothermal fluid with high mineralization in karst geothermal reservoir: A case study of geothermal field of the Yanchang river, Badong county[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(4): 795-808. doi: 10.11932/karst2022y32
Citation: YU Jie, MAO Xumei, PENG Hui, WEN Meixia, WANG Xin, FAN Wei, TANG Wei. Genesis mechanism of geothermal fluid with high mineralization in karst geothermal reservoir: A case study of geothermal field of the Yanchang river, Badong county[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(4): 795-808. doi: 10.11932/karst2022y32
shu

Genesis mechanism of geothermal fluid with high mineralization in karst geothermal reservoir: A case study of geothermal field of the Yanchang river, Badong county

doi: 10.11932/karst2022y32
  • 1.

    Geological Environmental Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430034, China

  • 2.

    Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco-environmental Geology, Wuhan, Hubei 430034, China

  • 3.

    School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China

  • Received Date: 2022-02-28
    Available Online: 2023-02-14
    Abstract
  • At present, China's energy development has entered a new stage of carbon reduction and energy conservation. In order to achieve the goal of "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality", the development and utilization of geothermal energy has been ushered in unprecedented opportunities. However, not all geothermal resources can be directly exploited and utilized. Based on a funded project—Feasibility of Geothermal Resources Exploration in Yanchang river, Badong county, Hubei Province, we have built a genesis model of the geothermal field mainly by means of software analysis, traditional geological survey, drilling, sampling analysis and systematic temperature measurement. In the aspect of hydrochemistry, we also analyzed the genesis of geothermal fluid with high mineralization in karst geothermal reservoir in the Yanchang river. According to previous research, hydrogeological survey, geophysical exploration and drilling, we found out the geothermal geological conditions, regional stratigraphic distributions, lithologic characteristics and structural distributions in the study area, which can provide data for the construction of genesis model of geothermal field. In addition, by sampling, testing, and monitoring water temperatures, we compared the chemical components of cold springs and geothermal fluids in different periods, and further analyzed the hydrogeochemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and the reasons for temperature anomalies. The research findings may provide the technical and theoretical basis for the genesis mechanism of geothermal fluid with high mineralization in karst geothermal reservoir as well as the basis for the scientific development and utilization of karst geothermal reservior.The geothermal fluid in the karst geothermal reservoir is mostly hot water with low mineralization at low temperature, while the highly mineralized geothermal water is often related to the dissolution of karst aquifer minerals. However, the TDS of geothermal water in the geothermal field of the Yanchang river is as high as 12,477.7 mg·L−1, and the water temperature is about 34 ℃. The dissolution of aquifer minerals is unlikely to explain the genesis mechanism. On the basis of field investigation and geothermal drilling, we conducted the hydrogeochemical sampling and testing in four geothermal boreholes, one hot spring and four nearby cold springs. The research shows that the study field belongs to the convection-type geothermal resource at medium-low temperatures under the control of deep and large faults. The Ordovician limestone and dolomite are the main strata for geothermal reservoir, belonging to the karst fissure type. The chemical type of geothermal water in the Yanchang river is Cl-Na. The maximum unit water inflow can reach 1,767 m3·d−1, with the outlet temperatures from 30.2 ℃ to 34.5 ℃. Compared with the analysis of borehole temperature and SiO2 thermometer, the temperature of geothermal fluid is 59.1 ℃, and the circulation depth is 1,923 m. It is found that the geothermal fluid can complete sufficient heat exchange with heat source in the long migration path and long runoff time, the process of which may gradually increase groundwater temperatures. The sulfur isotope analysis shows that sulfate in karst water is derived from recharge water including atmospheric precipitation, surface water, and water formed by the oxidation of pyrite in rock mass. Groundwater maintains a relatively stable balance between oxidation and reduction. The aquifer is a transition between the alternation of a weak (lagging) and a strong environment, having a certain but low-degree recharge condition. Phreeqc hydrochemical simulations reveal the water-rock interactions (mainly the dissolution of aquifer minerals) in the aquifer, and further reveal that the high salinity of chemical composition in geothermal water is derived mainly from the dissolution of salt rocks in the salinized tidal flat lagoon facies during the runoff process. According to the analysis of tritium isotope, the content of tritium in geothermal fluid increases significantly, mainly because the geothermal fluid with low tritium content is mixed with shallow water or surface cold water when the geothermal fluid pours out along the fault under the influence of deep heat source and long runoff path. Hydrogeological conditions and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes can indicate the origin of atmospheric precipitation of geothermal water. The groundwater recharge height ranges from 1,261.21 m to 1,298.25 m, while the height of the Xiaoshennongjia mountain area in the north of the geothermal field ranges from 900 m to 1,300 m, which is the recharge area of the geothermal field of the Yanchang river. However, seasonal cold water addition controls the balance of water-rock interactions. It can be concluded that the high mineralization in geothermal water of the Yanchang river is mainly formed by the dissolution of salt rock during the runoff process, during which the upward flow is affected by seasonal mixing of cold water. Furthermore, F6 tensile faults and F7 water-blocking faults in geothermal fields affect not only the flow direction and velocity of groundwater, but also the increasing content of TDS in geothermal fluids.

     

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