Construction of high-efficiency exploitation and utilization model of water resources in karst faulted basin

Karst faulted basin is an inter-mountainous basin formed by the differential subsidence and dissolution of fault blocks caused by the faulting activities of Cenozoic plateau uplifting.The visual identification marks include，（1） The basin forming area is characterized by continuous distribution of soluble rocks， staggered development of faults， and extensive distribution of dissolution landforms；（2） The shape is long-stripped or irregular；（3） The bottom plain covers an area of tens to hundreds of square kilometers. The Cenozoic deposits are thick and there are many underground rivers and springs exposed at the edge.The karst faulted basin is determined by the genetic mechanism of erosion and dissolution which is dominated by local faulted depression.The faulted basin is characterized by obvious geomorphic zoning， strong neotectonic movement， uneven distribution of water resources， strong zonation of soil and vegetation， obvious vertical climate change and large differences in human activities ranges.Marked by geomorphic form and genetic types，the karst faulted basin can be divided into four environmental geological zones： the erosion and dissolution mountain area， the dissolution hill ，peak and valley area， the sedimentary plain area， the erosion and dissolution valley area.The ecological function of the erosion and dissolution mountain area is prominent， the water source is mainly the seasonal stream running water， slope， roof and road sheet flow，and surface karst spring， suspended spring， surface karst zone water storage structure.The main water supply needs are domestic water for villages and towns， crop drought and seedling protection， production of small and micro enterprises and mines， ecological construction and maintenance. The ecological and economic functions are equally important in the area of the dissolution hill， peak and valley area. The water sources are mainly seasonal rivers and streams， sloping， roof and road sheet flow and stagnant water in depressions；as well as underground rivers， karst springs， surface karst zones and saturated water storage structures；water transfer from the outer basin.The main water supply needs are domestic water for villages and towns ， the water used in agricultural and sideline industry bases and individual retail drought and seedling protection， daily irrigation， breeding water， large-scale production of factories and mines， and ecological construction and maintenance.The economic function of the sedimentary plain area is particularly important， and the main water source is the perennial rivers and lake wetlands；underground river， karst spring， water storage structure in saturated water zone；water transfer from the other basins.The main water supply needs are water for urban， rural life and sanitation and other water， water for large-scale agricultural and sideline industry base and retail drought and seedling protection， daily irrigation， aquaculture water， industrial production and ecological construction and maintenance and other water.The function orientation of the erosion and dissolution valley area depends on the location and macroscopic influence of the big river basin. The main water sources of the erosion and dissolution valley area are mainly seasonal streams and perennial rivers， and the slope， roof and road patches sheet flow；underground river and karst spring， local surface zone and saturated zone water storage structure.The main water supply needs are domestic water for villages and towns ， crop drought resistance and seedling protection， industrial and mining， water conservancy， electric power enterprise production and ecological construction and maintenance and so on. Resource development and environmental restoration and protection should be coordinated with the environmental geology zoning function and resource characteristics， and the sustainable can be achieved only by basin system evaluation and scientific planning.The establishment of efficient utilization model of water resources in karst faulted basin is guided by the theory of sustainable development and system science， following the basic principle of hydrogeology， hydrology and water resources science， according to the water cycle law and resources and environment characteristics of karst faulted basin，through many means，such as system evaluation， multi-source water intake， optimization of regulation， and recycling ，so as to achieve high-efficiency utilization of surface and groundwater resources in karst faulted basin.The systematic engineering layout of efficient development and utilization of water resources in faulted basins is closely combined with the variation rules of basin resources and environmental zoning， according to the types of water source areas， water resources potential and water supply demand， water resources development technical conditions and vulnerability characteristics of different geological environment zoning.Along the formation， movement and conversion process of the surface and groundwater in the karst faulted basin， the water resources development and utilization projects are deployed step by step from the upstream mountainous area to the downstream valley area.In order to achieve efficient and sustainable development and utilization of water resources， we should take measures in accordance with local conditions in a scientific and reasonable manner， promote simultaneous development of large， medium， small and micro projects， give consideration to both centralized and decentralized water supply， and systematically promote water resources development and water quality restoration， water recycling and water conservation.System engineering and technical solutions for efficient utilization of water resources includes，（1）in the erosion and dissolution mountain area，small miniature reservoir with fountain， joint development project， regulation and storage project of water cellar， pool， pond water collection， local shallow well water engineering， etc.are mainly deployed in coorperation with small and micro water quality treatment， restoration， and recycling water-saving irrigation， soil moisture preservation technology systems.They jointly build a system project for efficient development and utilization of water resources to achieve multi-source intake， joint dispatch， and efficient utilization；（2）In the dissolution hill and peak valley area， large and medium-sized reservoir regulation and storage projects as well as small and medium-sized centralized water supply projects are mainly deployed，such as diversion and lifting of underground rivers and karst springs， diversion of water from deep wells， and the diversion of water from other basins ， supplemented by the rainwater collection projects of water cellars， pools and ponds， and the separate water supply projects of shallow wells.With the cooperation of small and micro water quality treatment， restoration， water-saving irrigation and soil moisture preservation technology system， the systematic project of highly efficient development and utilization of water resource are jointly constructed so as to realize the joint operation and efficient utilization of surface water and groundwater；（3）In sedimentary plain area，large and medium-sized centralized water supply projects are mainly deployed，such as large and medium-sized regulation and storage reservoir， underground river and karst spring diversion and well group water lifting.Sewage treatment plants and ecological wetland systems should be built to restore the quality of waste water， thus the water recycling system will be built in combination with the circulation of reservoirs in the middle and lower reaches of the basin to improve the utilization rate of water resources.The water-saving irrigation and soil moisture preservation systems should be promoted to impelment conservation and high-efficiency water use； （4）In the erosion and dissolution valley area，the diversion and development system of rivers， reservoirs and springs， rainwater collection projects of water cellars， pools and ponds， water storage projects of surface springs and suspended springs， and water carrying projects of local shallow wells are mainly deployed.Reservoirs and hydropower stations are built at the valley bottom to develop river and underground river energy resources. In cooperation with the technology system of small and micro water quality treatment， remediation and recycling， water-saving irrigation and soil moisture preservation， the efficient and comprehensive utilization of water resources will be achieved.The efficient utilization model of surface and groundwater resources in karst faulted basin condenses the results of predecessors studies and this research，which is the crystallization of basic research on water resources and environment， water resources investigation （survey） evaluation and development technology in karst faulted basin.It is the test of demonstration project that has proved its reality in accordance with karst faulted basin as well as scientific， reasonable and economic feasibility， which sets a universal model for the efficient development and utilization of water resources in karst faulted basin.