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Volume 44 Issue 2
Apr.  2025
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2025  >  44(2): 316-327
XU Guangquan, LI Hao, YANG Tingting, ZHANG Haitao, HE Biao. Distribution characteristics and genesis model of karst collapse in the Huainan area of Anhui Province[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 44(2): 316-327. doi: 10.11932/karst20250209
Citation: XU Guangquan, LI Hao, YANG Tingting, ZHANG Haitao, HE Biao. Distribution characteristics and genesis model of karst collapse in the Huainan area of Anhui Province[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 44(2): 316-327. doi: 10.11932/karst20250209
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Distribution characteristics and genesis model of karst collapse in the Huainan area of Anhui Province

doi: 10.11932/karst20250209

  • School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China

  • Received Date: 2024-04-23
    Abstract
  • Karst collapse is one of the geological disasters in shallow karst regions during coal mining in North China. This phenomenon is influenced by factors such as stratum occurrence, lithology composition, geological structures, and hydrodynamic conditions. It is primarily induced by mine drainage, pressure reduction and urban construction in the mining area. Karst collapse is mainly developed in Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate strata. The mining area in Huainan is located in the southern margin of the North China Coalfield. Since the 1950s, more than 131 karst collapses have occurred in the southern coalfield as a result of drainage and depressurization caused by coal mining and urban construction. These collapses exhibit a clustered occurrence pattern, mainly concentrated in areas such as in Fengtai county, Kongji, Tubazi, Liyingzi and Shungengshan. These collapses have severely affected residents’ lives in the mining area and hindered urban development. Therefore, conducting further systematic study on the formation conditions, distribution, and influencing factors of karst collapse in the mining area is of great practical significance. This study is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the karst hydrogeological conditions, the mechanisms of karst collapse disasters, and the effective prevention and control of such phenomena.This study employs methods including karst field geological surveys, statistical analysis and multi-factor analysis to systematically investigate the distribution development characteristics, and genesis of karst collapse in the Huainan area. The results show that karst collapses are mainly formed in the Ordovician and Cambrian strata, which are distributed along the Quaternary overburden area in the piedmont. This phenomenon is the result of multi-stage tectonic processes and prolonged groundwater dissolution. According to the controlling conditions, such as collapse-inducing factors, groundwater dissolution, and stratum occurrence, three types of karst collapse modes induced by vacuum suction erosion have been proposed: (steep inclination, gentle inclination, and inversion). Additionally, a collapse mode resulting from gravity load due to the overburden of urban construction has also been identified. The main results are as follows.(1) Karst collapses in the study area are mainly distributed in the carbonate strata of Cambrian Zhangxia formation and the Ordovician Majiagou formation, spanning Fengtai county, Kongji, Tubazi, Liyingzi and Jiulonggang of Shungengshan to Datong. (2) Karst collapses of steeply inclined strata are distributed in the Datong and Kongji areas of Huainan. Influenced by the Shungengshan thrust-nappe structure and the Shanwangji tensional fault, high-angle strata have developed. Karst formations are concentrated at the intersections of structural fissures and karst fissures that are either perpendicular or oblique to the stratigraphic direction. The water drainage and depressurization from the surrounding coal mining operations results in a decrease in pore water pressure within the rock and soil mass decreases, increasing the hydraulic gradient and disturbing the loose sand and water-soil mass filling in the karst. Such disturbances disrupt the original stress equilibrium, ultimately leading to collapses.(3) Karst collapses of gently inclined strata are mainly distributed in the Tubazi area of Huainan. Influenced by tectonic activities, vertical or oblique fissures have developed along the rock surface, which are filled with Quaternary loose materials. As a result of water drainage from the mining operations, the capacity of groundwater to transport loose rock and soil mass increases, leading to the continuous expansion of soil caves and an imbalance in the surrounding loose rock and soil mass. Specifically, the effective stress of soil particle framework and pore water pressure decrease, resulting in karst collapses under the overburden load.(4) Karst collapses of the inverted strata are mainly distributed in the Liyingzi area. Influenced by the thrust nappe of Shungengshan mountain, the strata are overturned at the turning point of the fault, leading to the development of multiple vertical and oblique tensile fissures along the ground level. These fissures are filled with Quaternary loose materials at their intersections. Due to infiltration from atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, a unified karst groundwater system has formed in the Ordovician and Carboniferous strata. Subsequently, water drainage from mining operations reduces pore water pressure, causing an imbalance in the loose water and soil mass, which ultimately results in collapses.(5) Karst collapses, resulted from gravity load, mainly occur in Fengtai county, which are underlain by Quaternary Cambrian and Ordovician karst strata. Influenced by the Shanwangji normal fault, as well as weathering and denudation processes, karst has been developed in carbonate rock sections. Urban construction increases the overburden load, which alters the pore water pressure and effective stress of the filling in the caves. This alteration disrupts the equilibrium between the rock, soil, and water, leading to karst collapses.The main conclusions of the study are as follows.(1) The study area is influenced by the nappe structure, with karst collapses densely distributed along the stratigraphic direction, fault zones or their intersections. Karst collapses occur from the outcrop area to the shallow-buried area, specifically within the Cambrian Zhangxia formation and the Ordovician Majiagou formation. The distribution pattern of karst collapses is related to the stratigraphic occurrence. The planar shapes of these collapses are mostly circular, elliptical and elongated, and they are primarily filled with loose sandy soil. (2) Karst collapses occur in soluble rock strata, faulted tectonic fractured zones, areas with strong hydrodynamic conditions, and locations with a thin overburden of loose layers. Based on the genesis and triggering factors, karst collapses in the study area can be categorized into three different modes, steeply inclined, gently inclined and inverted, and a mode resulted from gravity load. (3) The future risk of karst collapses in the Huainan area will continue to be concentrated in the areas of Datong–Jiulonggang, Bagongshan, and Fengtai county. These areas remain susceptible to karst collapses and require enhanced monitoring and preventive measures.

     

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