Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration over the past 40 years

YANG Xiaoyan; REN Shichuan; TIAN Wenrui; MA Nengwei; SONG Zenghong; LI Guorui; ZHANG Gaoyin

doi:10.11932/karst20240611

Volume 43 Issue 6

Dec. 2024

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YANG Xiaoyan, REN Shichuan, TIAN Wenrui, MA Nengwei, SONG Zenghong, LI Guorui, ZHANG Gaoyin. Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration over the past 40 years[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 43(6): 1341-1349. doi: 10.11932/karst20240611

Citation:

YANG Xiaoyan, REN Shichuan, TIAN Wenrui, MA Nengwei, SONG Zenghong, LI Guorui, ZHANG Gaoyin. Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the past 40 years[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 43(6): 1341-1349. doi: 10.11932/karst20240611

Citation:

YANG Xiaoyan, REN Shichuan, TIAN Wenrui, MA Nengwei, SONG Zenghong, LI Guorui, ZHANG Gaoyin. Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the past 40 years[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 43(6): 1341-1349. doi: 10.11932/karst20240611

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Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the past 40 years

doi: 10.11932/karst20240611

YANG Xiaoyan^{1, 2, 3
,},
REN Shichuan^{1, 2, 3
,
,},
TIAN Wenrui^{1, 2, 3},
MA Nengwei^{1, 2, 3},
SONG Zenghong^{1, 2, 3},
LI Guorui^{1, 2, 3},
ZHANG Gaoyin^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, MNR, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
3.
Yunnan Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China

Received Date: 2024-01-01
Accepted Date: 2024-12-11
Rev Recd Date: 2024-11-29

Available Online: 2025-03-21

Abstract

Abstract

The carbon cycle of the Earth's system coexists with global climate change. Carbon circulates in different forms between different reservoirs, with carbonate rocks actively participating in the global carbon cycling through karst processes. The recovered CO₂ accounts for about one-third of the "missing sink", making it an important link between the atmosphere and the sink of CO₂. Currently, the dynamic studies on the karst carbon cycling are mainly focused on short time scales such as daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual dynamics, as well as the effects of precipitation. These studies suggest that karst processes are extremely sensitive to environmental changes and are basically synchronized with various climate changes (such as precipitation and temperature) and biological activities, with no significant lag observed. The long-term dynamic changes and responses to climate change are mainly based on carbon isotope records in stalagmites. These records indicate that the changes in carbon content within stalagmites lag behind alterations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration by 16 years. Although the IPCC's AR5 and AR6 reports acknowledge the important role of karst carbon sink in sequestering atmospheric CO₂, they classify the carbon sink associated with carbonate rock weathering (karst action) as a long-term carbon sink with a time scale of 10³–10⁴ years. Furthermore, this process has not been incorporated into the global carbon budget. There is considerable controversy surrounding the timescale of karst carbon sink. Consequently, the long-term dynamics of carbonate weathering, carbon sink, and their responses to climate change necessitate further in-depth research.The outcropping area of carbonate rocks in the karst area of Southwest China covers 540,000 km², encompassing three major geomorphic units of the country. This area represents the largest contiguous distribution of exposed carbonate rocks in the world. It benefits from favorable water and heat conditions, along with intense karst processes, which contribute to significant carbon sink effects. The Kunming basin is a water-collecting karst graben basin, with a catchment area of 2,924.5 km². The outcropping area of carbonate rock layers accounts for about 32% of the total basin area. Karst water in the basin is characterized by abundant amount, concentrated storage, and good water quality. Meanwhile, Kunming, as the capital city of Yunnan Province, has a developed socio-economy. Groundwater monitoring in the area began early and has resulted in a substantial accumulation of foundational data. However, research on karst carbon sink remains relatively underdeveloped. Based on the long-term observation data of karst springs in the Kunming basin, this paper analyzes and calculates the changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, climate indicators (temperature and precipitation), and data on spring water quality. The response of carbonate weathering to fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change over the past 40 years, along with its carbon sink effect and contribution to CO₂ emission reduction is preliminarily evaluated. The results show that the CO₂ consumption rate by carbonate weathering is positively correlated with atmospheric CO₂ concentration, exhibiting a lag time of about 20 years, and the rate of change is basically the same. The variations in carbon sink intensity are mainly controlled by changes in precipitation, with no obvious lag time, while also being affected by changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, with a lag of 20 years. The research findings indicate that the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration will enhance the dissolution of carbonate rocks, allowing more CO₂ to be sequestrated from the atmosphere. This process plays an important role in mitigating global warming. These findings are significant for accurately evaluating the intensity of karst carbon sink, incorporating karst carbon sink into global carbon accounting, addressing the "missing sink" problem, and promoting the achievement of the "dual carbon" goals.
- carbon dioxide,
- karst in Southwest China,
- the Kunming basin,
- carbonate weathering and carbon sink,
- response to change

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Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the past 40 years

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Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration over the past 40 years

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Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the past 40 years